Significance of Ratio of Omega-3 and Omega-6 in Human Health with Special Reference to Flaxseed Oil

Bhardwaj, Kshitij; Verma, Narsingh; Trivedi, Rakesh Kumar; Bhardwaj, Shipra; Shukla, Neha

doi:10.3923/ijbc.2016.1.6

Cited by 52 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Moreover, besides its good nutritional value for fish, the use of DO in African catfish diet would also be benefits for human nutrition and health because the muscle n‐3/n‐6 ratio of DO fish in neutral and phospholipid class (0.9) was close to 1. Indeed, according to different authors, humans have been evolutionarily adapted to a diet with a n‐3/n‐6 ratio close to 1 (Bhardwaj et al, ; Simopoulos, , ). A report of Simopolous also showed that n‐3/n‐6 ratio close to 1 allows fighting against chronic diseases (Simopoulos, ) and avoiding obesity (Simopoulos, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tropical Vegetable Oils Do Not Alter Growth Performance in African Catfish through a High n‐6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Biosynthesis Capacity

Sourabié

Mandiki

Geay

et al. 2019

Lipids

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The main objective of this study was to determine the best vegetable oils (VO) for nutrition of African catfish by assessing the effects of a complete replacement of fish oil (FO) by different VO sources on its growth performance, fatty acid composition, and elongase-desaturase gene expression levels. Fish (16.2 g of initial body weight) were fed with five experimental isonitrogenous, isolipidic, and isoenergetic diets in which FO was totally replaced by cottonseed oil (CO), palm oil (PO), desert date oil (DO), or Shea butter (SB). Complete replacement of FO with VO did not affect growth performance except for low values in fish fed SB diet. Muscle n-3 LC-polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were significantly reduced in fish fed VO-based diets when compared with FO fed fish. However, the muscle arachidinic acid (ARA) levels in phospholipid class were 1.4 to 1.6 times higher in fish fed CO and DO diets than FO fed fish despite the lower ARA suppliers from these VO-based diets, suggesting endogenous LC-PUFA biosynthesis from PUFA precursors in fish fed these VO. The fads2 and elovl5 gene expression levels in liver of fish fed DO were also higher compared to FO controls. Therefore, all the results support the hypothesis that African catfish has higher biosynthesis capacity to convert vegetable n-6 PUFA precursors like linoleic acid (LNA, 18:2n-6) into n-6 LC-PUFA of the ARA type, compared to the conversion of vegetable α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) into n-3 LC-PUFA of the eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) or docosahexanoic acid (DHA) type. The results also indicate that DO can be recommended as the best alternative to FO replacement in African catfish nutrition.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tropical Vegetable Oils Do Not Alter Growth Performance in African Catfish through a High n‐6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Biosynthesis Capacity

Sourabié

Mandiki

Geay

et al. 2019

Lipids

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“…It is increased to 30 : 1 in countries where the consumption of edible oil is high, although meat consumption is low due to religious reasons (Oh, 2010). The diet with high n-6 / n-3 ratio can increase the risk of thrombopoiesis and inflammatory response that may lead to atherosclerosis, obesity, and diabetes (Bhardwaj et al, 2016;Gogus and Smith, 2010). Decreasing n-6 / n-3 fatty acid ratio in a diet can reduce the risk of critical cardiovascular diseases (Bucher et al, 2002;Simopoulos, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo monitoring of hepatic glycolipid distribution of <i>n</i>-6 ∕ <i>n</i>-3 in jugular-vein-cannulated rats as a nutritional research model for monogastric animal

Park

Zammit

2019

Arch. Anim. Breed.

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The metabolic distribution via blood from liver of glycerolipids by omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid (n-6 / n-3) ratio in monogastric animal nutrition is very important. In vivo monitoring technique using jugular-vein-cannulated rats as a nutritional model for monogastric animal can yield important insights into animal nutrition. This study was conducted to determine the effect of different n-6 / n-3 ratios (71:1, 4:1, 15:1, 30:1) on metabolic distribution of glycerolipids newly synthesized and secreted in the liver of the rats and explore the mechanism involved. Regarding chemnormal14normalCOnormal2 released from oxidation of glycerolipid metabolism, it was the highest (22.5 %) in groups with a n-6 / n-3 ratio of 4:1 (P<0.05). The control group showed the highest total glycerolipid level, followed by the 30:1, 15:1, and 4:1 groups in order (P<0.05). When secreted triacylglycerol level of each group was compared with that of the control group, the 4:1, 15:1, and 30:1 groups were decreased by 36.3 %, 20.9 %, and 13.3 %, respectively (P<0.05). Regarding the distribution of phospholipid against total glycerolipid compared to the control group, the 4:1, 15:1, and 30:1 groups were 1.38, 1.29, and 1.17 times higher, respectively (P<0.05). In the comparison of chemnormal14normalCOnormal2 emission against total glycerolipid compared with the control group, the 4:1, 15:1, and 30:1 groups were 1.61, 1.52, and 1.29 times higher, respectively (P<0.05). These results demonstrate that a dietary n-6 / n-3 fatty acid ratio of 4:1 could significantly decrease harmful lipid levels in the blood by controlling the mechanism of metabolic distribution via blood from triglyceride and phospholipid newly synthesized in the liver of cannulated rat.

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“…The ratio of ω6 : ω3 in food products has become fairly important when discussing the prevention of chronic diseases in humans. While previous research suggests that ω6 : ω3 ratio of 4 : 1 is optimum for healthy adults, latest data indicates ratio of 2 : 1 to 1 : 1 as the target for human nutrition (Bhardwaj et al, 2016). This ratio falls just above the previous recommendations in free-range, barn and caged hens' eggs (4.3 : 1 to 5 : 1).…”

Section: Nutritional Composition Of Eggs From Different Hen Laying Symentioning

confidence: 69%

“…This ratio falls just above the previous recommendations in free-range, barn and caged hens' eggs (4.3 : 1 to 5 : 1). Taking into account that most Western dietary patterns provide the ratio of 15 : 1 up to 25 : 1 (Bhardwaj et al, 2016), this is nonetheless a significant decrease and eggs should be included in a healthy diet as a source of essential fats. The ω6 : ω3 ratio in eggs from caged hens is significantly lower compared to other studies, where it varied from 11.03 : 1 to 66.…”

Section: Nutritional Composition Of Eggs From Different Hen Laying Symentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of free-range, barn and caged hens’ eggs commercially available in Latvia

Kirse-Ozolina¹

2019

Foodbalt

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Consumers often consider free-range eggs to be superior to eggs from caged hens. The aim of the study was to identify whether different hen housing systems had an influence on egg quality in Latvia. Free-range, barn and caged hens' eggs commercially available in Latvia were obtained at the production facility of Balticovo JSC. The average sample of forty eggs of each type were analysed at the laboratories of Faculty of Food Technology, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies and J.S. Hamilton Baltic JSC. Such parameters as nutritional and energy value, fatty acid profile, cholesterol, vitamins A, Cl, heavy metals Pb, Cd and microbiological quality were assessed. Comparison to reference intakes and possible indication of nutrient claims was evaluated according to published nutrient recommendations and EU regulations. The results show that depending on egg type it is possible to use such nutrient claims as "high protein", "high omega-3 fatty acids", "high monounsaturated fat", "source of vitamin A", "source of vitamin E", "high vitamin B2", 'high selenium", "source of phosphorus", "source of vitamin D" and "source of iodine". All egg samples were microbiologically safe and did not contain heavy metals. Nutrient content varied significantly within some of the parameters in eggs commercially available in Latvia (p<0.05); however, whether consumers choose free-range, barn and caged hens' eggs has an insignificant effect on their diet, based on daily egg consumption per capita.

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Significance of Ratio of Omega-3 and Omega-6 in Human Health with Special Reference to Flaxseed Oil

Cited by 52 publications

References 10 publications

Tropical Vegetable Oils Do Not Alter Growth Performance in African Catfish through a High n‐6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Biosynthesis Capacity

Tropical Vegetable Oils Do Not Alter Growth Performance in African Catfish through a High n‐6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Biosynthesis Capacity

In vivo monitoring of hepatic glycolipid distribution of <i>n</i>-6 ∕ <i>n</i>-3 in jugular-vein-cannulated rats as a nutritional research model for monogastric animal

Comparison of free-range, barn and caged hens’ eggs commercially available in Latvia

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Significance of Ratio of Omega-3 and Omega-6 in Human Health with Special Reference to Flaxseed Oil

Cited by 52 publications

References 10 publications

Tropical Vegetable Oils Do Not Alter Growth Performance in African Catfish through a High n‐6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Biosynthesis Capacity

Tropical Vegetable Oils Do Not Alter Growth Performance in African Catfish through a High n‐6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Biosynthesis Capacity

In vivo monitoring of hepatic glycolipid distribution of &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;-6 ∕ &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;-3 in jugular-vein-cannulated rats as a nutritional research model for monogastric animal

Comparison of free-range, barn and caged hens’ eggs commercially available in Latvia

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In vivo monitoring of hepatic glycolipid distribution of <i>n</i>-6 ∕ <i>n</i>-3 in jugular-vein-cannulated rats as a nutritional research model for monogastric animal