Significance of invasion to the muscularis mucosae on the progression of superficial bladder cancer

Transurethral Resection and Sequential Chemo–Immunoprophylaxis in Primary T1G3 Bladder Cancer

“…This finding is in agreement with another study, which showed that the recurrence of T1 tumor 6 months after treatment with BCG was the most significant variable predictive of late muscle invasion [12]. Other factors found to be correlated with progression of disease in T1 tumors are nuclear area [13], muscularis mucosa invasion [14, 15], involvement of vascular or lymphatic structures [16], presence of concomitant Tis or mucosal dysplasia [2, 17]and highly active disease as manifested by frequent recurrences.…”

Staging and reporting of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder

“…16,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37] Muscularis mucosae consists of thin and wavy fascicles of smooth muscle frequently associated with large, thin-walled blood vessels ( Figure 9). Muscularis mucosae can be identified in 15-83% of biopsy specimens; 16,24,25,[31][32][33][34][35][36][38][39][40][41][42] however, 6% of radical cystectomy specimens do not have discernable muscularis mucosae. 41 Thus, the large associated vessels have been used as a surrogate marker for muscularis mucosae in all published studies of substaging based on muscularis mucosae invasion.…”

p53 Expression Predicts Progression and Poor Survival in T1 Bladder Tumours

“…Newer pathological parameters such as invasion of muscularis mucosae [32], vascular invasion [8], increasing grade of anaplasia [33], and analysis of ploidy assessed by flow cytometry [34]have been proposed recently as prognostic factors. Although all of them were significantly related to progression, they were not specific enough to make decisions on individuals.…”