Significance of impurities in the safety evaluation of crop protection products (IUPAC Technical Report)

Ambrus, Árpád; Hamilton, Denis; Kuiper, H.A.; Racke, Kenneth D.

doi:10.1351/pac200375070937

Cited by 44 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 37 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…However, very high HCB levels were observed during the winter time with air concentrations ranging from 70 to 160 pg m -3 . As suggested by Gouin et al (32,33), chlorinated fungicides, such as chlorothalonil and quintozene, contain HCB as impurities. The use of these fungicides containing HCBs to control pesticides in crops was assumed as one of the current HCB sources.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Levels and Vertical Distributions of PCBs, PBDEs, and OCPs in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer: Observation from the Beijing 325-m Meteorological Tower

Zhang

et al. 2009

Environ. Sci. Technol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Polyurethane foam disk passive air sampling was carried out to investigate the levels, vertical distributions, and potential sources of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the atmospheric boundary layer of an urban site in Asia. Sampling was performed at nine heights (15, 47, 80, 120, 160, 200, 240, 280, 320 m) of the 325-m meteorological tower in Beijing, China over three 2-month periods between December 2006 and August 2007. This is the first study to report vertical variations of PBDEs in the ABL and one of only a few studies to investigate vertical distributions of persistent organic pollutants. The levels of Σ 19 PCBs and Σ 8 PBDEs were relatively low, ranging from 22 to 65 and from 2.3 to 18 pg m -3 , respectively. Air concentrations of γ-HCH were high, with values in the range of 39-103 pg m -3 in winter, 100-180 pg m -3 in spring, and 115-242 pg m -3 in summer, respectively. R-HCH concentrations ranged from 20 to 86 pg m -3 , p,p′-DDT between 7.3 and 78 pg m -3 , and HCB between 15 and 160 pg m -3 . The seasonal variations of PCBs, PBDEs, and OCPs may reflect different sources for these chemicals, such as those related with regional use (γ-HCH), volatilization/re-emission (PBDEs, PCBs, R-HCH), and pesticide impurities (HCB). Although the performance reference compounds (PRCs) were spiked before deployment, the sampling rates showed strong dependency on wind speeds, resulting in large variations in uptake rates in the ABL, ranging from ∼7.0 m 3 day -1 at ground level to 11 m 3 day -1 at 320 m. Levels of PCBs, PBDEs, and OCPs decreased with increasing ABL height, indicating the potential of Beijing as the local sources.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Levels and Vertical Distributions of PCBs, PBDEs, and OCPs in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer: Observation from the Beijing 325-m Meteorological Tower

Zhang

et al. 2009

Environ. Sci. Technol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Technical pesticides, although by definition being "pure active ingredient", also may contain complex mixtures of other minor chemical impurities such as unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants (POPs) due to process variables, side reactions and impurities in starting materials (Ambrus et al 2003). The most prominent unintentionally produced POPs are polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unintentional formed PCDDs, PCDFs, and DL-PCBs as impurities in Chinese pentachloronitrobenzene products

Huang

Gao

et al. 2014

Environ Sci Pollut Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) products have been reported to contain relatively high levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) as impurities. No data was available for Chinese PCNB products which are still produced and used in China. Therefore, we analysed Chinese PCNB products, including two raw pesticides and three formulations available on the market. In all samples, PCDDs, PCDFs, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) were detected at levels exceeding Japanese regulation limits. The concentrations of PCDDs and PCDFs (0.16 to 0.93 ng TEQ g(-1)) were lower than the PCNB formulations measured from the Australian market (3.9 ng TEQ g(-1)). However, the Toxic Equivalent (TEQ) contribution from DL-PCBs (0.7 to 2.5 ng TEQ g(-1)) to total TEQ was higher compared to PCDDs and PCDFs. This discovery demonstrated that it is necessary to consider the DL-PCBs impurity in organochlorine pesticides and other organochlorine chemicals in particular chlorinated aromatic compounds for adequate risk assessment. In addition to DL-PCBs, other unintentionally POPs-hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (3.7 to 52 ng g(-1)) and pentachlorobenzene (PeCBz) (0.04 to 0.3 ng g(-1)) which are listed in the Stockholm Convention-were detected in the PCNB samples. The PCNB production steps were assessed for their unintentional POPs formation potential. Thermolysis of the aromatic compounds using iron chloride (FeCl3) as catalyst is suggested as relevant production step for (DL-)PCBs formation. Since the levels in the formulated PCNB recalculated to active ingredient were higher compared to the raw pesticide, the formulation process (e.g., milling) may also have had an influence on additional PCDD/Fs and PCBs formation.

show abstract

“…The degree of toxicity depends upon the nature of the pesticides, their environmental concentration, and factors such as temperature, humidity, pH, and oxygen concentration [28]. The impurities may also contribute to the toxicity of the pesticide or might alter the physical properties of the product [29]. Ambrus et al [29] reported that unfavorable storage conditions may lead to the decomposition of pesticides to produce degradation products much more toxic than the active ingredient.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The impurities may also contribute to the toxicity of the pesticide or might alter the physical properties of the product [29]. Ambrus et al [29] reported that unfavorable storage conditions may lead to the decomposition of pesticides to produce degradation products much more toxic than the active ingredient. In agreement with Ambrus et al, Sanyal and Dureja [30] reported that Technical quinalphos stored in open glass bottle at 30°C for 6 months underwent degradation to give a black viscous mass containing the parent compound (C 2 H 5 O) 2 P(S)OQ (7.5%), isoquinalphos (C 2 H 5 O) 2 P(O)SQ (5.8 %), quinalphos oxon (C 2 H 5 O) 2 P(O)OQ (3.2%), 2-hydroxyquinoxalin QOH (12%), quinoxalin-2-thiol QSH (18%), diquinoxalin-2-yl-sulfide QSQ (15%), diquinoxalin-2-yldisulfide QSSQ (7%), dithienobisquinoxalin Q(S 2 )Q (2.0%), and at least 11 other compounds…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity Assessment of Expired Pesticides to Green Algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

et al. 2012

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In order to investigate the effect of expired pesticides on the yield and growth rate of green algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, a study was conducted as per the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guideline number 201. Fifteen expired pesticide formulations, most commonly used in Indian agriculture, were tested in comparison with their unexpired counterparts. The expired pesticide formulations studied belonged to various class and functional groups: organophosphate, pyrethroid-based insecticides; azole-based fungicides; acetamide, propionate, acetic acid-based herbicides; fungicides mixtures containing two actives—azole and dithiocarbamate. The toxicity endpoints of yield (EyC50: 0–72 h) and growth rate (ErC50: 0–72 h) of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata for each pesticide formulation (both expired and unexpired pesticides) were determined statistically using TOXSTAT 3.5 version software. The results pointed out that some expired pesticide formulations exhibited higher toxicity to tested algal species, as compared to the corresponding unexpired pesticides. These data thus stress the need for greater care to dispose expired pesticides to water bodies, to avoid the effects on aquatic ecospecies tested.

show abstract

Significance of impurities in the safety evaluation of crop protection products (IUPAC Technical Report)

Cited by 44 publications

References 37 publications

Levels and Vertical Distributions of PCBs, PBDEs, and OCPs in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer: Observation from the Beijing 325-m Meteorological Tower

Levels and Vertical Distributions of PCBs, PBDEs, and OCPs in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer: Observation from the Beijing 325-m Meteorological Tower

Unintentional formed PCDDs, PCDFs, and DL-PCBs as impurities in Chinese pentachloronitrobenzene products

Toxicity Assessment of Expired Pesticides to Green Algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About