Significance of directivity effects during the 2011 Lorca earthquake in Spain

The Spatial Perspective in Post-Earthquake Evaluation to Improve Mitigation Strategies: Geostatistical Analysis of the Seismic Damage Applied to a Real Case Study

“…In relation to the directivity phenomenon wielded in previous work [20], the results are inconclusive. Although a clear geostatistical correlation can be seen at a geotechnical level, it is observed that the results obtained in the analysis of the urban configuration of the streets and buildings are in fact contingent upon the existence of short columns in the buildings.…”

“…In addition, the urban growth of part of the city around the skirt of the mountain that houses the old medieval castle generates an orography with unevenness in almost all of the streets. On the other hand, urban growth structured primarily longitudinally favors, in the opinion of other authors [20], the phenomenon of directivity (a factor that had not been analyzed systematically in events of less than 6.5 on the Richter scale). This could have increased the level of damage, as the seismic wave may have propagated in the densely built-up area of the urban plot.…”

“…Several theories pointed to the importance of the age of the buildings, due to the lack of adaptation of their structures to the current seismic regulations, while others emphasized the erroneous architectural configuration of many of them in the face of an earthquake [15,18]. Some more recent studies have underlined the effect of the urban configuration of the city [9,19]; one article even assures that this variable, added to the geologic configuration of the ground and other seismological variables, generated a phenomenon of directivity that remarkably increased the damage [20]. All these analyses have been taken as the basis to configure the following GIS indicators.…”

Dynamic soil-structure interaction analyses considering directionality effects

“…Over the past two decades, directionality effects have received considerable attention. Research has been performed to assess these effects on recorded ground motions [4,5], intensity measures and their influences on the development of ground motion prediction equations [6][7][8][9], seismic demands of buildings [10][11][12][13][14][15][16], probabilistic damage assessment [17], directivity effects in nearfault regions [18][19][20], horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios [21][22][23], seismic risk assessment of highways [24], and the performance of bridge foundations [25].…”

Directionality and soils' effects on the seismic hazard and risk : applications to ground motion big data sets and to urban environments

“…Over the past two decades, directionality effects have received considerable attention. Research has been performed to assess these effects on recorded ground motions (Bradley and Baker, 2015;Pinzón et al, 2018a), intensity measures and their influences on the development of ground motion prediction equations (Shahi and Baker, 2014;Boore et al, 2006;Pinzón et al, 2018b), seismic demands of buildings (Rigato and Medina, 2007;Pinzón et al, 2019a;Fujii, 2016;Athanatopoulou, 2005;Cantagallo et al, 2012;Lagaros, 2010), probabilistic damage assessment (Vargas-Alzate et al, 2018), directivity effects in near-fault regions (Gordo-Monsó and Miranda, 2011;Huang et al, 2008;Garini and Gazetas, 2013), horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios (Matsushima et al, 2017;Pinzón et al, 2019c;Stanko et al, 2017), seismic risk assessment of highways (Torbol and Shinozuka, 2014), and the performance of bridge foundations (Soltanieh et al, 2019).…”