Significance of Chromatographic Techniques in Pharmaceutical Analysis

Abstract

This work presents an overview of the modern approaches embracing advanced equipment and validation parameters of both liquid and gas chromatography techniques, including thin-layer chromatography (TLC), column liquid chromatography (CLC), and gas chromatography (GC), suitable for the identification and quantitative determination of various bioactive compounds occurring in pharmaceutical products and medicinal plants in the time from 2020 to 2021 (November). This review confirmed that HPLC is an incredibly universal tool, especially when combined with different detectors, such as UV-Visible spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (MS), and fluorescence detection for numerous active ingredients in different pharmaceutical formulations without interferences from other excipients. TLC, in combination with densitometry, is a very efficient tool for the determination of biologically active substances present in pharmaceutical preparations. In addition, TLC coupled to densitometry and mass spectrometry could be suitable for preliminary screening and determination of the biological activity (e.g., antioxidant properties, thin layer chromatography (TLC) by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method) of plant materials. Gas chromatography, coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS, GC-MS/MS), is of particular importance in the testing of any volatile substances, such as essential oils. LC, coupled to NMR and MS, is the best solution for identifying and studying the structure of unknown components from plant extracts, as well as degradation products (DPs). Thanks to size-exclusion chromatography, coupled to multi-angle light scattering, the quality control of biological pharmaceuticals is possible.

Development and Validation of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for Identification and Quantification of Phytoecdysteroids Ecdysterone and Turkesterone in Dietary Supplements

“…The development and validation of rapid and reliable methods for the determination of ecdysterone and turkesterone in DSs for professional athletes would be useful for future doping investigations [50]. High-performance liquid chromatography has proven to be a versatile, rapid, sensitive, and reproducible technique for both identification and quality control of doping substances [35,[51][52][53]. In order to enhance future doping analysis, it is advisable to optimize the HPLC method for UHPLC-MS.…”

Absolute Stereochemistry Determination of Bioactive Marine-Derived Cyclopeptides by Liquid Chromatography Methods: An Update Review (2018–2022)

“…LC is an indispensable technique in several research laboratories all over the world, especially when combined with different detectors such as ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), mass spectrometry (MS), and fluorescence detection [ 115 ]. LC is a method of choice associated to both Marfey´s and chiral LC methods [ 110 ].…”

A Review of Methods for Removal of Ceftriaxone from Wastewater

“…The detector signals for the sample’s eluting components are used for quantitative and qualitative analysis [ 42 ]. GC is a useful technique for evaluating pharmaceutically relevant substances [ 43 ] and impurities [ 44 ]. Many pharmaceutical chemicals, however, cannot be gas chromatographed in their natural state and must be transformed into stable and volatile derivatives in order to accomplish successful GC elution and separation.…”

“…Many pharmaceutical chemicals, however, cannot be gas chromatographed in their natural state and must be transformed into stable and volatile derivatives in order to accomplish successful GC elution and separation. The derivatives are sometimes created in order to attain the appropriate sensitivity, selectivity, or specificity for a given separation [ 44 , 45 ].…”