Signaling Modifications Associated with Obesity and Dysbiosis and Their Impact on Metabolic Disorders

Abstract

The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in various physiological functions such as the production of essential compounds like short-chain fatty acids and vitamins, as well as in controlling inflammation, immune response, and maintaining intestinal barrier integrity. The imbalance in microbial composition, termed dysbiosis, is closely associated with both the pathogenesis of obesity and the development of obesity-related metabolic disorders such as metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Dysbiosis leads to inflammation, harmful metabolite production, reduced microbial diversity, and elevated proinflammatory markers, all contributing to obesity progression. Molecular links between gut bacteria-derived metabolites and adipokine imbalance in obesity suggest that there may be adaptive changes and modifications in signaling pathways. Although the interaction between gut microbiota and host health involves complex signaling pathways that are not fully understood, various interventions targeting gut microbiota and dysbiosis have the potential to develop alternative treatments for obesity and T2D. This mini-review aims to explore these interactions further to advance research in managing these conditions.