Signaling from an Altered Cell Wall to the Nucleus Mediates Sugar-Responsive Growth and Development in<i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>

Li, Yunhai; Smith, Caroline; Corke, Fiona; Zheng, Leiying; Merali, Zara; Ryden, Peter; Derbyshire, Paul; Waldron, Keith W.; Bevan, Michael W.

doi:10.1105/tpc.106.049965

Cited by 63 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…Arabidopsis seedlings can develop leaf-and flowerlike organs in the dark, but skotomorphogenesis critically depends on the sugar availability (Roldán et al, 1999;Baier et al, 2004;Li et al, 2007). Similar to photomorphogenic development, skotomorphogenic development of exl1 was identical with the wild type when grown in medium supplemented with 1% Suc or 1% Glc.…”

Section: Exl1 Expression Is Induced By C Starvationmentioning

confidence: 77%

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EXORDIUM-LIKE1 Promotes Growth during Low Carbon Availability in Arabidopsis

2011

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Little is known about genes that control growth and development under low carbon (C) availability. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) EXORDIUM-LIKE1 (EXL1) gene (At1g35140) was identified as a brassinosteroid-regulated gene in a previous study. We show here that the EXL1 protein is required for adaptation to C-and energy-limiting growth conditions. Indepth analysis of EXL1 transcript levels under various environmental conditions indicated that EXL1 expression is controlled by the C and energy status. Sugar starvation, extended night, and anoxia stress induced EXL1 gene expression. The C status also determined EXL1 protein levels. These results suggested that EXL1 is involved in the C-starvation response. Phenotypic changes of an exl1 loss-of-function mutant became evident only under corresponding experimental conditions. The mutant showed diminished biomass production in a short-day/low-light growth regime, impaired survival during extended night, and impaired survival of anoxia stress. Basic metabolic processes and signaling pathways are presumed to be barely impaired in exl1, because the mutant showed wild-type levels of major sugars, and transcript levels of only a few genes such as QUA-QUINE STARCH were altered. Our data suggest that EXL1 is part of a regulatory pathway that controls growth and development when C and energy supply is poor.

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Section: Exl1 Expression Is Induced By C Starvationmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…The molecular basis of this result is unknown and could be manifold. Altered sugar transport, enhanced sugar responses, and cell wall changes were demonstrated to accelerate leaf and internodium formation in darkness (Baier et al, 2004;Li et al, 2007).…”

Section: Exl1 Adapts Growth and Development To Low C Supplymentioning

confidence: 99%

EXORDIUM-LIKE1 Promotes Growth during Low Carbon Availability in Arabidopsis

2011

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“…Another area of research will be to further understand the role of NSIEs in growth, development and defence responses. Mutants of Arabidopsis UXE1/MUR4/HSR8, for example, have reduced L-Ara levels due to impaired enzymatic function but also display altered sugar response phenotypes affecting cell division and expansion (Burget and Reiter 1999;Burget et al 2003;Li et al 2007). Such studies will aid in determining the signalling mechanisms linking wall changes to cellular responses (see the wall-PM-cytoskeleton continuum section below).…”

Section: Nucleotide Sugar Interconversionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant cell walls: the skeleton of the plant world

Doblin

Pettolino

Bacic

2010

Functional Plant Biol.

173

140

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Abstract. Plants are our major source of renewable biomass. Since cell walls represent some 50% of this biomass, they are major targets for biotechnology. Major drivers are their potential as a renewable source of energy as transport fuels (biofuels), functional foods to improve human health and as a source of raw materials to generate building blocks for industrial processes (biobased industries). To achieve sustainable development, we must optimise plant production and utilisation and this will require a complete understanding of wall structure and function at the molecular/biochemical level. This overview summarises the current state of knowledge in relation to the synthesis and assembly of the wall polysaccharides (i.e. the genes and gene families encoding the polysaccharide synthases and glycosyltransferases (GlyTs)), the predominant macromolecular components. We also touch on an exciting emerging role of the cell wall-plasma membrane-cytoskeleton continuum as a signal perception and transduction pathway allowing plant growth regulation in response to endogenous and exogenous cues.Additional keywords: cell wall-plasma membrane-cytoskeleton continuum, glycosyltransferase, polysaccharide structure and biosynthesis, synthase. Plant cell wallsA distinguishing feature of plant cells is the presence of a polysaccharide-rich wall. The wall encloses each cell while at the same time allowing the transfer of solutes and signalling molecules between cells via specific structures such as plasmodesmata (symplastic transport), or pores within the gellike matrix of the wall itself (apoplastic movement). Similar to the skeleton of animals, the plant wall is a key determinant of overall plant form, growth and development. In contrast to having a specialised skeletal system as occurs in animals, the shape and strength of plants rely on the properties of the wall. The wall also plays a significant role in plant defence and responses to environmental stresses. Plant walls are important not simply because they are integral to plant growth and development but also because they determine the quality of plant-based products. The texture, nutritional and processing properties of plant-based foods for human and animal consumption is heavily influenced by the characteristics of the wall. Fibre for textiles, pulp and paper manufacture, and timber products and increasingly for fuel and composite manufacture is largely composed of walls, or derived from them. Due to their relevance to these industries, the chemical structures of the constituent polymers (polysaccharides, (glyco) proteins, polyphenolics) and the biochemical processes involved in the synthesis, maturation and turnover of the wall have been the subjects of research for many years. This research is now intensifying with the prospect of using plant ligno-cellulosic biomass as a viable and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels in the production of transportation fuels. Advances are likely to occur through molecular biological and functional genomics approaches, including pu...

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“…Recent characterization of a new sugar-insensitive (sis3) mutant has identified a RING E3 ligase involved in protein degradation, which may bring a new sugar link to other signaling pathways (Vierstra, 2009;Huang et al, 2010). Molecular characterization of high sugar response8 and oversensitive to sugar1 mutants has identified new players involved in Ara synthesis and putative methyltransferase activity, respectively (Li et al, 2007;Gao et al, 2008). Apparently, actin cytoskeleton is required for some HXK1-mediated Glc responses (Balasubramanian et al, 2007).…”

Section: Connecting the Sugar Signaling Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discover and Connect Cellular Signaling

Sheen

2010

Plant Physiology

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The unique nature of the plant system as a selfsufficient, robust, and resilient organism requires the dynamic coordination of numerous signal transduction pathways in multiple organs and cell types with complementary functions to capture energy and nutrients, to orchestrate growth and development, to adjust or adapt to fluctuating environment, and to live with symbiotic or curb invasive microbes and animals. Plants "move" through their growth and developmental programs highly integrated with the complex environmental cues. Our understanding of plant signal transduction pathways has been greatly facilitated by the isolation and characterization of a wealth of mutant collections in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), rice (Oryza sativa), maize (Zea mays), wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), pea (Pisum sativum), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), Medicago truncatula, moss (Physcomitrella patens), Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and many other plants. A quantum leap in the field was made possible when the molecular cloning of mutated genes and transgenic plant analysis became a reality in several reference plants in the past two decades. Although the mainstream research on signal transduction has focused on single signals and linear pathways, recent findings have revealed many previously unexpected signaling interconnections, manifesting both the complexity and reality (Fig. 1). The increasing availability of annotated plant genome sequences and large-scale genome-wide databases and computational tools have further empowered the dissection of signaling pathways based on traditional characterization in whole plants, organs, or tissues. Moving forward to discovering and connecting the cellular signaling networks, functional characterization of thousands of genes encoding large families of key regulatory components (Fig. 1) in single cell resolution with time kinetics will be the next challenge. Integrative approaches combing creative genetics, sensitive mass spectrometry, genome-wide screens, powerful bioinformatics tools and skills, versatile cell-based assays, and targeted mutagenesis will be critical for future discoveries (Fig. 2). Glc signaling networks and emerging research tools are briefly highlighted to help pave the way for future research in cellular signaling. CONNECTING THE SUGAR SIGNALING NETWORKCharacterization of plant signaling pathways has been remarkably successful based on single signals (e.g. hormones, stresses, and microbial elicitors) and phenotypic or reporter-based observation of insensitive, constitutive, or hypersensitive response mutants, especially in Arabidopsis and rice. General frameworks, often with linear relationship of positive or negative regulators, for many plant signaling pathways have been established based on the initial signals applied in the mutant screens and molecular identification of the mutated genes. However, Arabidopsis mutant screens with an unconventional signal such as Glc (e.g. at high concentrations to trigger developmental arrest of seedlings) have reve...

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Signaling from an Altered Cell Wall to the Nucleus Mediates Sugar-Responsive Growth and Development inArabidopsis thaliana

Cited by 63 publications

References 88 publications

EXORDIUM-LIKE1 Promotes Growth during Low Carbon Availability in Arabidopsis

EXORDIUM-LIKE1 Promotes Growth during Low Carbon Availability in Arabidopsis

Plant cell walls: the skeleton of the plant world

Discover and Connect Cellular Signaling

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