Signal transduction pathways activated by the IL-1 receptor family: ancient signaling machinery in mammals, insects, and plants

MyD88: A Critical Adaptor Protein in Innate Immunity Signal Transduction

“…The relation of IL-18 to IL-1b was further revealed when the IL-18R was cloned and found to be homologous to IL-1R1 and IL-1RAP (15,16). Similar to Drosophila Toll and mammalian IL-1R1/ IL-1RAP, the cytoplasmic portion of IL-18R contains a TIR domain that mediates the interaction with the TIR domain of MyD88 (17). In agreement with these findings, Adachi et al (12) also found that MyD88 was essential for the induction of NF-kB and MAPK signaling in response to IL-18.…”

The Role of Bacterial Infection in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

“…Toll-like receptors (TLR) play an important role in the innate immune system and several homologues of TLR's and their ligands have recently been discovered (45)(46)(47)(48)(49) (Table 3). For example, lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin), a major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, activates several immunologic activities by signal transduction via the TLR-4 on the surface membrane of target cells (50,51).…”

Extended haplotypes and linkage disequilibrium in the IL1R1–IL1A–IL1B–IL1RN gene cluster: association with knee osteoarthritis

“…1 Its effects are various, including the stimulation of fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation, cartilage breakdown, angiogenesis and increased production of acute phase response proteins by the liver. 2 These physiological effects are mediated at the molecular level by the activation of JNK and p38 MAP kinases, and consequent upregulation of genes via the transcription factors NF-kB, AP-1 and C/EBPb 3 The products of the IL-1 gene cluster are thought to play a role in a number of diseases, one of which is osteoarthritis (OA). This disease affects an estimated 5 million people in the UK 4 and over 16 million in the US, 5 and is characterised by focal loss of cartilage matrix in the affected joints.…”