Signal regulators of systemic acquired resistance

Gao, Qing-Ming; Zhu, Shifeng; Kachroo, Pradeep; Kachroo, Aardra

doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00228

Cited by 213 publications

(156 citation statements)

References 174 publications

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“…Once in the cytoplasm, SA can undergo various modifications that generally render it inactive (Fig. 2) [40, 41, 58]. These modifications are thought to help regulate the level of biologically active SA in the cytoplasm, provide a rapidly accessible source of SA and/or facilitate SA transport throughout the plant.…”

Section: How Are Cytosolic Sa Levels Regulated?mentioning

confidence: 99%

How does the multifaceted plant hormone salicylic acid combat disease in plants and are similar mechanisms utilized in humans?

2017

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Salicylic acid (SA) is an important plant hormone that regulates many aspects of plant growth and development, as well as resistance to (a)biotic stress. Efforts to identify SA effector proteins have revealed that SA binds to and alters the activity of multiple plant proteins—this represents a shift from the paradigm that hormones mediate their functions via one or a few receptors. SA and its derivatives also have multiple targets in animals; some of these proteins, like their plant counterparts, are associated with pathological processes. Together, these findings suggest that SA exerts its defense-associated effects in both kingdoms via a large number of targets.

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Section: How Are Cytosolic Sa Levels Regulated?mentioning

confidence: 99%

How does the multifaceted plant hormone salicylic acid combat disease in plants and are similar mechanisms utilized in humans?

2017

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“…In addition to SIMR, plants also have several other long distance signaling responses, where a signal initiated in a local tissue spreads to distal tissues. These include systemic acquired resistance (SAR; [17]), induced systemic resistance (ISR, [18]) and systemic acquired acclimation (SAA; [19]. ) SAR has been extensively characterized in relation to pathogen infection, and execution of SAR requires the hormone salicylic acid (SA) and various other signaling molecules including ROS, azelaic acid, pipecolic acid and the co-transcriptional regulator NONEXPRESSER OF PR GENES 1 (NPR1) [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress Marker Signatures in Lesion Mimic Single and Double Mutants Identify a Crucial Leaf Age-Dependent Salicylic Acid Related Defense Signal

Kaurilind

Brosché

2017

PLoS ONE

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Plants are exposed to abiotic and biotic stress conditions throughout their lifespans that activates various defense programs. Programmed cell death (PCD) is an extreme defense strategy the plant uses to manage unfavorable environments as well as during developmentally induced senescence. Here we investigated the role of leaf age on the regulation of defense gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. Two lesion mimic mutants with misregulated cell death, catalase2 (cat2) and defense no death1 (dnd1) were used together with several double mutants to dissect signaling pathways regulating defense gene expression associated with cell death and leaf age. PCD marker genes showed leaf age dependent expression, with the highest expression in old leaves. The salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis mutant salicylic acid induction deficient2 (sid2) had reduced expression of PCD marker genes in the cat2 sid2 double mutant demonstrating the importance of SA biosynthesis in regulation of defense gene expression. While the auxin- and jasmonic acid (JA)- insensitive auxin resistant1 (axr1) double mutant cat2 axr1 also led to decreased expression of PCD markers; the expression of several marker genes for SA signaling (ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE 1, PR1 and PR2) were additionally decreased in cat2 axr1 compared to cat2. The reduced expression of these SA markers genes in cat2 axr1 implicates AXR1 as a regulator of SA signaling in addition to its known role in auxin and JA signaling. Overall, the current study reinforces the important role of SA signaling in regulation of leaf age-related transcript signatures.

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“…In the context of biotic stress, SA acts as a crucial signalling molecule to confer onto plants both local and systemic immunity responses [3]. Pathogen-induced SA is mainly synthesized via the isochorismate synthase (ICS) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) pathways, which are localized in chloroplasts and cytosol, respectively [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Proteomic Profiling of Early and Late Responses to Salicylic Acid in Cucumber Leaves

Dong

Cao

et al. 2016

PLoS ONE

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Salicylic acid (SA) is an important phytohormone that plays vital regulatory roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. However, studies on the molecular mechanism of SA, especially during the early SA responses, are lagging behind. In this study, we initiated a comprehensive isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based proteomic analysis to explore the early and late SA-responsive proteins in leaves of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings. Upon SA application through the roots, endogenous SA accumulated in cucumber leaves. By assaying the changes in marker gene expression and photosynthetic rate, we collected samples at 12 h and 72 h post treatment (hpt) to profile the early and late SA responsiveness, respectively. The iTRAQ assay followed by tandem mass spectrometry revealed 135 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) at 12 hpt and 301 DEPs at 72 hpt. The functional categories for these SA-responsive proteins included in a variety of biochemical processes, including photosynthesis, redox homeostasis, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, transport, protein folding and modification, proteolysis, cell wall organization, and the secondary phenylpropanoid pathway. Conclusively, based on the abundant changes of these DEPs, together with their putative functions, we proposed a possible SA-responsive protein network. It appears that SA could elicit reactive oxygen species (ROS) production via enhancing the photosynthetic electron transferring, and then confer some growth-promoting and stress-priming effects on cells during the late phase, including enhanced photosynthesis and ROS scavenging, altered carbon metabolic flux for the biosynthesis of amino acids and nucleotides, and cell wall reorganization. Overall, the present iTRAQ assay provides higher proteome coverage and deepened our understanding of the molecular basis of SA-responses.

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Signal regulators of systemic acquired resistance

Cited by 213 publications

References 174 publications

How does the multifaceted plant hormone salicylic acid combat disease in plants and are similar mechanisms utilized in humans?

How does the multifaceted plant hormone salicylic acid combat disease in plants and are similar mechanisms utilized in humans?

Stress Marker Signatures in Lesion Mimic Single and Double Mutants Identify a Crucial Leaf Age-Dependent Salicylic Acid Related Defense Signal

Quantitative Proteomic Profiling of Early and Late Responses to Salicylic Acid in Cucumber Leaves

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