“…A competitive immunosensing process utilizes the ability of antigen–antibody binding affinity along with the catalytic properties of biocatalysts [ 76 ]. Typically, different labeled secondary antibodies compete to bind with inadequately available primary antibody sites.…”
With the rise in public health awareness, research on point-of-care testing (POCT) has significantly advanced. Electrochemical biosensors (ECBs) are one of the most promising candidates for the future of POCT due to their quick and accurate response, ease of operation, and cost effectiveness. This review focuses on the use of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) for fabricating ECBs that has a potential to be used for POCT. The field has expanded remarkably from its initial enzymatic and immunosensor-based setups. This review provides a concise categorization of the ECBs to allow for a better understanding of the development process. The influence of structural aspects of MNPs in biocompatibility and effective sensor design has been explored. The advances in MNP-based ECBs for the detection of some of the most prominent cancer biomarkers (carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigen 125 (CA125), Herceptin-2 (HER2), etc.) and small biomolecules (glucose, dopamine, hydrogen peroxide, etc.) have been discussed in detail. Additionally, the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) ECBs have been briefly discussed. Beyond that, the limitations and challenges that ECBs face in clinical applications are examined and possible pathways for overcoming these limitations are discussed.
“…A competitive immunosensing process utilizes the ability of antigen–antibody binding affinity along with the catalytic properties of biocatalysts [ 76 ]. Typically, different labeled secondary antibodies compete to bind with inadequately available primary antibody sites.…”
With the rise in public health awareness, research on point-of-care testing (POCT) has significantly advanced. Electrochemical biosensors (ECBs) are one of the most promising candidates for the future of POCT due to their quick and accurate response, ease of operation, and cost effectiveness. This review focuses on the use of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) for fabricating ECBs that has a potential to be used for POCT. The field has expanded remarkably from its initial enzymatic and immunosensor-based setups. This review provides a concise categorization of the ECBs to allow for a better understanding of the development process. The influence of structural aspects of MNPs in biocompatibility and effective sensor design has been explored. The advances in MNP-based ECBs for the detection of some of the most prominent cancer biomarkers (carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigen 125 (CA125), Herceptin-2 (HER2), etc.) and small biomolecules (glucose, dopamine, hydrogen peroxide, etc.) have been discussed in detail. Additionally, the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) ECBs have been briefly discussed. Beyond that, the limitations and challenges that ECBs face in clinical applications are examined and possible pathways for overcoming these limitations are discussed.
“…During the last decades, the electrochemical detection of several types of TCs has been pursued using different approaches. Biorecognition is one of the most common strategies and uses aptamer-based sensors [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32], which are the most recent and commonly found in the literature, followed by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) functionalization [14,15,33,34], and sensors based on molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) [35,36] or antibodies [8,37,38] (see Table S2). Furthermore, the oxidation of TCs has been reported using diverse types of electrodes and materials, ranging from metallic nanoparticles [39][40][41][42][43][44][45], graphene oxide [46][47][48][49][50], composites [43,[51][52][53][54][55], gold [3,11,56], boron-doped diamond electrode (BDDE) [57][58][59][60], ruthenium oxide-hexacyanor-uthenate ...…”
Herein, a complete study of the electrochemical behavior of the most commonly used tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) on unmodified carbon screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) is presented. In addition, the oxidation pathway of TCs on SPE is elucidated, for the first time, with liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). Square wave voltammetry (SWV) was used to study the electrochemical fingerprint (EF) of the antibiotics shaping the different oxidation processes of the TCs in a pH range from 2 to 12. Their characteristic structure and subsequent EF offer the possibility of distinguishing this class of antibiotics from other types. Under the optimized parameters, calibration curves of tetracycline (TET), doxycycline (DOXY), oxytetracycline (OXY), and chlortetracycline (CHL) in a Britton Robinson buffer solution (pH 9) exhibited a linear range between 5 and 100 µM with excellent reproducibilities (RSDTET = 3.01%, RSDDOXY = 3.29%, RSDOXY = 9.78% and RSDCHL = 6.88% at 10 µM, N = 3) and limits of detection (LOD) of LODTET = 4.15 µM, LODDOXY = 2.14 µM, LODOXY = 3.07 µM and LODCHL = 4.15 µM. Furthermore, binary, tertiary, and complex mixtures of all TCs were analyzed with SWV to investigate the corresponding EF. A dual pH screening (pH 4 and pH 9), together with the use of a custom-made Matlab script for data treatment, allowed for the successful confirmation of a single presence of TCs in the unknown samples. Overall, this work presents a straightforward study of the electrochemical behavior of TCs in SPE, allowing for the future on-site identification of residues of tetracycline antibiotics in real samples.
“…The accumulation of tetracyclines (TCs), as well of other antibiotics, in dairy food products is the result of their extensive use in veterinary medicine and aquaculture for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes [ 214 , 215 ]. This poses a severe threat to human health, and the World Health Organization has established a maximum acceptable content of 100 μg kg −1 of tetracycline in milk and in animal tissues entering the human food chain [ 216 , 217 ]. The most commonly used TCs are oxytetracycline (OTC), doxycycline (DOX), and tetracycline (TET), for which substituents X 1 and X 2 are –H and/or –OH ( Scheme 2 ) [ 60 ].…”
Section: Electrochemical Aptasensors Developed Using Aryldiazonium Chemistry For Food Safety Monitoring Applicationsmentioning
Food safety monitoring assays based on synthetic recognition structures such as aptamers are receiving considerable attention due to their remarkable advantages in terms of their ability to bind to a wide range of target analytes, strong binding affinity, facile manufacturing, and cost-effectiveness. Although aptasensors for food monitoring are still in the development stage, the use of an electrochemical detection route, combined with the wide range of materials available as transducers and the proper immobilization strategy of the aptamer at the transducer surface, can lead to powerful analytical tools. In such a context, employing aryldiazonium salts for the surface derivatization of transducer electrodes serves as a simple, versatile and robust strategy to fine-tune the interface properties and to facilitate the convenient anchoring and stability of the aptamer. By summarizing the most important results disclosed in the last years, this article provides a comprehensive review that emphasizes the contribution of aryldiazonium chemistry in developing electrochemical aptasensors for food safety monitoring.
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