Signal Intensity and Volume of Pituitary and Thyroid Glands in Preterm and Term Infants

Otani, Sayo; Fushimi, Yasutaka; Iwanaga, Kougoro; Tomotaki, Seiichi; Yokota, Yusuke; Oshima, Sonoko; Sakurama, Azusa; Wicaksono, Krishna Pandu; Hinoda, Takuya; Sakata, Akihiko; Nakajima, Satoshi; Okada, Tomohisa; Takita, Junko; Kawai, Masahiko; Togashi, Kaori

doi:10.1002/jmri.27395

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The model can explore changes during gestation. Interestingly, the finding of coordinated P and T volumes changes (Otani et al , 2021 ) sets constraints on which parameter group might change during gestation ( Appendix Supplementary Text ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of thyroid diseases and thyroid‐axis gland masses

Kohanim

Milo

Raz

et al. 2022

Molecular Systems Biology

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Thyroid disorders are common and often require lifelong hormone replacement. Treating thyroid disorders involves a fascinating and troublesome delay, in which it takes many weeks for serum thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration to normalize after thyroid hormones return to normal. This delay challenges attempts to stabilize thyroid hormones in millions of patients. Despite its importance, the physiological mechanism for the delay is unclear. Here, we present data on hormone delays from Israeli medical records spanning 46 million life‐years and develop a mathematical model for dynamic compensation in the thyroid axis, which explains the delays. The delays are due to a feedback mechanism in which peripheral thyroid hormones and TSH control the growth of the thyroid and pituitary glands; enlarged or atrophied glands take many weeks to recover upon treatment due to the slow turnover of the tissues. The model explains why thyroid disorders such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease have both subclinical and clinical states and explains the complex inverse relation between TSH and thyroid hormones. The present model may guide approaches to dynamically adjust the treatment of thyroid disorders.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of thyroid diseases and thyroid‐axis gland masses

Kohanim

Milo

Raz

et al. 2022

Molecular Systems Biology

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“…However, qDWI revealed restricted diffusion comparable to cDWI. With the exception of TOF-MRA, quiet sequences have been reported for SWI, T2WI, FLAIR, and T1WI using fast low-angle shot or pointwise encoding time reduction with radial acquisition, 25,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37] some of which we have included in our imaging protocol for pediatric patients with MMD. TOF-MRA is usually performed preferentially to detect progressive steno-occlusion of intracranial vessels and the development of collateral vasculature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quiet Diffusion-weighted MR Imaging of the Brain for Pediatric Patients with Moyamoya Disease

et al. 2022

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Diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) is an essential sequence for evaluating pediatric patients with moyamoya disease (MMD); however, acoustic noise associated with DWI may lead to motion artifact. Compared with conventional DWI (cDWI), quiet DWI (qDWI) is considered less noisy and able to keep children more relaxed and stable. This study aimed to evaluate the suitability of qDWI compared with cDWI for pediatric patients with MMD. Methods: In this observational study, MR examinations of the brain were performed either with or without sedation in pediatric patients with MMD between September 2017 and August 2018. Three neuroradiologists independently evaluated the images for artifacts and restricted diffusion in the brain. The differences between qDWI and cDWI were compared statistically using a chi-square test.Results: One-hundred and six MR scans of 56 patients with MMD (38 scans of 15 sedated patients: 6 boys and 9 girls; mean age, 5.2 years; range, 1-9 years; and 68 scans of 42 unsedated patients: 19 boys and 23 girls; mean age, 10.7 years; range, 7-16 years) were evaluated. MR examinations were performed either with or without sedation (except in one patient). In sedated patients, no artifact other than susceptibility was observed on qDWI, whereas four artifacts were observed on cDWI (P = .04). One patient awoke from sedation during cDWI scanning, while no patient awoke from sedation during qDWI acquisition. For unsedated patients, three scans showed artifacts on qDWI, whereas two scans showed artifacts on cDWI (P = .65). Regarding restricted diffusion, qDWI revealed three cases, while two cases were found on cDWI (P = .66). Conclusion: qDWI induced fewer artifacts compared with cDWI in sedated patients, and similar frequencies of artifacts were induced by qDWI and by cDWI in unsedated patients. qDWI showed restricted diffusion comparable to cDWI.

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“…6 A recent study reported that the signal intensity of the infant thyroid and anterior pituitary on 3D GRE T1WI correlated positively with the gestational age at birth and negatively with the postnatal age at examination. 7 However, the extent of the influence of gestational age at birth and postnatal age at examination on the signal intensities of the infant thyroid and anterior pituitary on T1WI is not known.…”

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confidence: 99%

Transient Hyperintensity of the Infant Thyroid Gland on T1-Weighted MR Imaging: Correlation with Postnatal Age, Gestational Age, and Signal Intensity of the Pituitary Gland

Maki

Nakagawa

Kagaya

et al. 2021

AJNR Am J Neuroradiol

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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:The signal intensity of the thyroid in neonates is high on T1WI. It is affected by gestational and postnatal ages. However, the extent of the influence of these ages is unknown. This study investigated the relationship of signal intensities of the infant thyroid with postnatal and gestational ages and anterior pituitary using 3D gradient-echo T1WI. MATERIALS AND METHODS:This retrospective study included 183 T1-weighted images from 181 infants. Using a multiple linear regression analysis, we evaluated the effects of postnatal and gestational ages on the thyroid-muscle signal intensity ratio. The relationship between the thyroid and anterior pituitary signal intensities on T1WI and the age of the infants was evaluated.RESULTS: Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the thyroid signal intensity was affected negatively by postnatal age at examination and positively by gestational age at birth (P , .01 and P ¼ .04, respectively). According to the standardized partial regression coefficients, the influence of postnatal age at examination was stronger than that of gestational age at birth (À0.72 and 0.13, respectively). The thyroid and anterior pituitary signal intensities reached constant values at 12 weeks' postnatal age, and the mean thyroid-anterior pituitary signal intensity ratios were almost 1 throughout the entire period. CONCLUSIONS:The signal intensity of the infant thyroid on T1WI was more strongly influenced by the postnatal age at examination than the gestational age at birth, and it was almost equal to that of the anterior pituitary.

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Signal Intensity and Volume of Pituitary and Thyroid Glands in Preterm and Term Infants

Cited by 4 publications

References 32 publications

Dynamics of thyroid diseases and thyroid‐axis gland masses

Dynamics of thyroid diseases and thyroid‐axis gland masses

Quiet Diffusion-weighted MR Imaging of the Brain for Pediatric Patients with Moyamoya Disease

Transient Hyperintensity of the Infant Thyroid Gland on T1-Weighted MR Imaging: Correlation with Postnatal Age, Gestational Age, and Signal Intensity of the Pituitary Gland

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