Signal Detection Measures Cannot Distinguish Perceptual Biases from Response Biases

Witt, Jessica K.; Taylor, J. Eric T.; Sugovic, Mila; Wixted, John T.

doi:10.1068/p7908

Cited by 142 publications

(170 citation statements)

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“…However, while the Simon and Stroop tasks are typically understood as response interference effects, Golomb et al (2014) argued that the congruency bias reflects more of a perceptual-level shift. While the bias (criterion) measure is traditionally associated with changes in response, bias effects can in fact result from either perceptual or response processes (Mack, Richler, Gauthier, & Palmeri, 2011; Wixted & Stretch, 2000), and may reflect a perceptual-level effect even when there is no effect on d-prime/sensitivity (Morgan, Hole, & Glennerster, 1990; Witt, Taylor, Sugovic, & Wixted, 2015). In the original spatial congruency bias report, Golomb et al (2014) reported that even when judgments were made using a sliding scale that eliminated the response conflict, participants were more likely to rate two objects as more similar when location was the same, and that this effect was only present for perceptually difficult discriminations (Golomb et al, 2014).…”

Section: 0 General Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feature-location binding in 3D: Feature judgments are biased by 2D location but not position-in-depth

Finlayson

Golomb

2016

Vision Research

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A fundamental aspect of human visual perception is the ability to recognize and locate objects in the environment. Importantly, our environment is predominantly three-dimensional (3D), but while there is considerable research exploring the binding of object features and location, it is unknown how depth information interacts with features in the object binding process. A recent paradigm called the spatial congruency bias demonstrated that 2D location is fundamentally bound to object features (Golomb, Kupitz, & Thiemann, 2014), such that irrelevant location information biases judgments of object features, but irrelevant feature information does not bias judgments of location or other features. Here, using the spatial congruency bias paradigm, we asked whether depth is processed as another type of location, or more like other features. We initially found that depth cued by binocular disparity biased judgments of object color. However, this result seemed to be driven more by the disparity differences than the depth percept: Depth cued by occlusion and size did not bias color judgments, whereas vertical disparity information (with no depth percept) did bias color judgments. Our results suggest that despite the 3D nature of our visual environment, only 2D location information – not position-in-depth – seems to be automatically bound to object features, with depth information processed more similarly to other features than to 2D location.

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Section: 0 General Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feature-location binding in 3D: Feature judgments are biased by 2D location but not position-in-depth

Finlayson

Golomb

2016

Vision Research

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“…For example, different test participants might be biased to different degrees towards picking either the first or second interval in a two-interval forced-choice (2IFC) experiment, or biased towards responding left- or right-oblique in a single interval orientation discrimination task. Such biases result in individual variations in proportion-correct performance (Klein, 2001; Witt, Taylor, Sugovic, & Wixted, 2015), which must be dissociated with care from differences in the sensory, perceptual or cognitive measure of interest. This might be achieved using signal detection theory.…”

Section: What Is Required To Demonstrate Stable Individual Differementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This might be achieved using signal detection theory. However, although SDT discriminates between sensitivity and bias, it cannot determine whether the underlying source of the bias reflects perceptual biases, response biases, or some combination of the two (Witt et al, 2015). While there is currently no solution to disentangle these two, it is important to realize that true perceptual effects may appear not in measures like d ′, but rather in measures of criterion.…”

Section: What Is Required To Demonstrate Stable Individual Differementioning

confidence: 99%

Individual differences in visual science: What can be learned and what is good experimental practice?

et al. 2017

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We all pass out our lives in private perceptual worlds. The differences in our sensory and perceptual experiences often go unnoticed until there emerges a variation (such as ‘The Dress’) that is large enough to generate different descriptions in the coarse coinage of our shared language. In this essay, we illustrate how individual differences contribute to a richer understanding of visual perception, but we also indicate some potential pitfalls that face the investigator who ventures into the field.

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“…Other research must be brought to bear on the issue of perception versus judgment. My colleagues and I have made a similar point with respect to perceptual and response-based biases analyzed using signal detection theory (Witt, Taylor, Sugovic, & Wixted, 2015). Some researchers have claimed, solely on the basis of an effect on the bias measure c, that the effect is due to response-based bias and is not perceptual (e.g., Choe, Welch, Gilford, & Juola, 1975;Grove, Ashton, Kawachi, & Sakurai, 2012).…”

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confidence: 99%

Action potential influences spatial perception: Evidence for genuine top-down effects on perception

Witt

2016

Psychon Bull Rev

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The action-specific account of spatial perception asserts that a perceiver's ability to perform an action, such as hitting a softball or walking up a hill, impacts the visual perception of the target object. Although much evidence is consistent with this claim, the evidence has been challenged as to whether perception is truly impacted, as opposed to the responses themselves. These challenges have recently been organized as six pitfalls that provide a framework with which to evaluate the empirical evidence. Four case studies of actionspecific effects are offered as evidence that meets the framework's high bar, and thus that demonstrates genuine perceptual effects. That action influences spatial perception is evidence that perceptual and action-related processes are intricately and bidirectionally linked.Keywords Embodied cognition . Spatial cognition . Visual perception . Action-specific perception No vision scientist would deny that a primary purpose of vision is action. But how vision best serves action has been continuously debated. For some, visual perception best serves action by being as geometrically accurate as possible. Given ambiguities in the visual information, the visual system makes underlying assumptions (known as priors or natural constraints) and unconscious inferences based on statistical regularities of the environment. These approaches fall under constructivist accounts. Action's role in constructivist approaches is primarily limited to being a motivation for why perception needs to achieve constancy (so that visual information can be successfully transformed into motor coordinates), but is not itself considered to be an influence for perception.Even for approaches to vision that place a greater emphasis on action, its role is limited. According to the ecological account, perception best serves action by being faithful to the visual information, without being supplemented with extraneous ideas (Gibson, 1979; see Witt & Riley, 2014, for extended discussion on the discrepencies between ecological and action-specific approaches). In situations in which the visual information is ambiguous, the perceiver can simply move around the object to accumulate more information until the information is unambiguous. For ecological accounts, action's role is relevant in gathering the necessary visual information, and action drives perception to actively select the information that is relevant for action, but action does not provide direct information for perception. As another example of an account that purportedly emphasizes action, the theory of two visual streams emphasizes both perception and action (Milner & Goodale, 1995). However, even this theory divorces perception from action by considering the two to be subserved by anatomically different pathways. Indeed, such theories refer to the ventral pathway as "vision for perception" and the dorsal pathway as "vision for action." Given that the processing in the dorsal stream is thought to be unconscious (Milner & Goodale, 2008), this theory emphas...

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Signal Detection Measures Cannot Distinguish Perceptual Biases from Response Biases

Cited by 142 publications

References 24 publications

Feature-location binding in 3D: Feature judgments are biased by 2D location but not position-in-depth

Feature-location binding in 3D: Feature judgments are biased by 2D location but not position-in-depth

Individual differences in visual science: What can be learned and what is good experimental practice?

Action potential influences spatial perception: Evidence for genuine top-down effects on perception

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