Signal-Based Properties of Cyber-Physical Systems: Taxonomy and Logic-based Characterization

Boufaied, Chaima; Jukss, Maris; Bianculli, Domenico; Briand, Lionel C.; Parache, Yago Isasi

doi:10.1016/j.jss.2020.110881

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In this paper we consider instead (for the first time to the best of our knowledge) the problem of automatic translation of unconstrained English sentences into Signal Temporal Logic (STL) [20], a temporal logic that extends LTL with operators expressing temporal properties over dense-time real-valued signals. STL is a wellestablished formal language employed in both academia and advanced industrial research labs to specify requirements for CPS engineering [21,22]. Semantic Parsing Our problem is as an instance of semantic parsing, a task that consists in automatically mapping contextsensitive natural language sentences into utterances of a machineexecutable language with a deterministic context free grammar.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We analyzed over 130 STL specifications and their associated English-language formulation, from scientific papers and industrial documents. The investigated literature covers multiple application domains: specification patterns [42], automatic driving [43][44][45], robotics [46][47][48][49][50], time-series analysis [51] and electronics [2,52]. Although this literature contains data that is not statistically exhaustive, it still provides valuable information to guide the design of the data generator and address the research question RQ1.…”

Section: Empirical Stl Statisticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Except for the starting G operator, there are no other temporal operators in the formula. An example of an immediate response (IR) specification if the one from [42]:…”

Section: Analysis Of Stl Specificationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• Some publications use abstract predicates to denote complex temporal patterns, without providing their detailed formalization. One such example is the use of the predicate spike(𝑥) to denote a spike occurring within the signal 𝑥 [42]. • It is relatively common in the literature to decompose a complex STL specification into multiple simpler ones, by giving a name to a sub-formula and using that name as an atomic proposition in the main formula.…”

Section: Other Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clear: These requirements have a straightforward STL formalisation that results in an unambiguous specification without room for interpretation. An example of a clear requirement is the sentence: If the value of signal control_error is less than 10 • , then the value of signal currentAD-CSMode shall be equal to NMF [42]. The resulting STL specification is given by the formula: G(control_error < 10 → currentAD-CSMode = NMF) Indirect: These requirements need an expert to translate them into an STL formula that faithfully captures the intended meaning.…”

Section: Languagementioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

DeepSTL -- From English Requirements to Signal Temporal Logic

He¹,

Bartocci²,

Ničković³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Formal methods provide very powerful tools and techniques for the design and analysis of complex systems. Their practical application remains however limited, due to the widely accepted belief that formal methods require extensive expertise and a steep learning curve. Writing correct formal specifications in form of logical formulas is still considered to be a difficult and error prone task.In this paper we propose DeepSTL, a tool and technique for the translation of informal requirements, given as free English sentences, into Signal Temporal Logic (STL), a formal specification language for cyber-physical systems, used both by academia and advanced research labs in industry. A major challenge to devise such a translator is the lack of publicly available informal requirements and formal specifications. We propose a two-step workflow to address this challenge. We first design a grammar-based generation technique of synthetic data, where each output is a random STL formula and its associated set of possible English translations. In the second step, we use a state-of-the-art transformer-based neural translation technique, to train an accurate attentional translator of English to STL. The experimental results show high translation quality for patterns of English requirements that have been well trained, making this workflow promising to be extended for processing more complex translation tasks.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Empirical Stl Statisticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Except for the starting G operator, there are no other temporal operators in the formula. An example of an immediate response (IR) specification if the one from [42]:…”

Section: Analysis Of Stl Specificationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Other Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Languagementioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

DeepSTL -- From English Requirements to Signal Temporal Logic

He¹,

Bartocci²,

Ničković³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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show abstract

An empirical characterization of software bugs in open-source Cyber–Physical Systems

Zampetti

Kapur²,

Penta³

et al. 2022

Journal of Systems and Software

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Performance-Driven Metamorphic Testing of Cyber-Physical Systems

et al. 2023

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Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) are a new generation of systems which integrate software with physical processes. The increasing complexity of these systems, combined with the uncertainty in their interactions with the physical world, makes the definition of effective test oracles especially challenging, facing the well known test oracle problem. Metamorphic testing has shown great potential to alleviate the test oracle problem by exploiting the relations among the inputs and outputs of different executions of the system, so-called metamorphic relations (MRs). In this article, we propose a MR pattern called Performance Variation (PV) for the identification of performance-driven MRs, and we show its applicability in two CPSs from different domains: automated navigation systems and elevator control systems. For the evaluation, we assessed the effectiveness of this approach for detecting failures in an open source simulation-based autonomous navigation system, as well as in an industrial case study from the elevation domain. We derive concrete MRs based on the PV pattern for both case studies and we evaluate their effectiveness with seeded faults. Results show that the approach is effective at detecting over 88% of the seeded faults, while keeping the ratio of false positives at 4% or lower.

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Signal-Based Properties of Cyber-Physical Systems: Taxonomy and Logic-based Characterization

Cited by 8 publications

References 29 publications

DeepSTL -- From English Requirements to Signal Temporal Logic

DeepSTL -- From English Requirements to Signal Temporal Logic

An empirical characterization of software bugs in open-source Cyber–Physical Systems

Performance-Driven Metamorphic Testing of Cyber-Physical Systems

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