Sievert or Gray: Dose Quantities and Protection Levels in Emergency Exposure

Ferrari, Chiara; Manenti, Guglielmo; Malizia, A.

doi:10.3390/s23041918

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…This shows the variation of flux with the density with aluminum reference for the same. Gray is the reference quantity for sizing tissue reactions that could occur under high-exposure conditions, such as in a radiation emergency which helps in understanding and providing the confidence percentage of survival [24]. The predicted model provides an exposure over specific tissues in the human body in gray equivalent for the radiation due to the GCR and SEP in the LEO.…”

Section: Findings and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accurate, Comprehensive and Predictive Research on Emissions from an Active Region of Sun and the Effect of the Radiation Topology on the Lower Earth Orbit and the Damage to Human Tissues

2023

ijcih

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The present research work demonstrates a prediction of the emission of a high Intensity X-class, moderate M-class, or lower C-class solar flare from an active region of Sun within the next 24 hours. The effect of the emitted radiation topology (predicted from data set generated by the combined detector model of the CRATER and the OLTARIS mission), the Galactic Cosmic Radiation (GCR) and the Solar Energy Particles (SEPs) on the lower earth orbit has also been studied. Moreover, its impact on the alloys at different densities (ranging from 0.1g/ cm3 to 10g/cm3) and on the first three layers human tissues has also been predicted with higher accuracy. It has been found that there is a linear correlation with the energy transfer and the subsequent damage to the electronic components, geo communication system, metal alloys, and human tissue. Data from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites X-ray flare catalogues by the National Centres for Environmental Information (NCEI) has been used for various input features, including the magnetic field parameters, the X-ray flux of an active region, and outputs the probability of occurrence of a C, M, or X-class flare using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) to determine their impact on earth's geo communication systems. The Convoluted network code generates a prediction-based model with a high accuracy.

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Section: Findings and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accurate, Comprehensive and Predictive Research on Emissions from an Active Region of Sun and the Effect of the Radiation Topology on the Lower Earth Orbit and the Damage to Human Tissues

2023

ijcih

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“…Лечение лучевых поражений мезенхимальными стволовыми клетками (gray) = 1 joule/kilogram -a physical quantity. 1 Gy is the deposit of a joule of radiation energy per kilogram of matter or tissue [1]). It should be noted, that according to the nurse medical personnel his admission to the hospital was only temporally and he «would not be hospitalized» for a long time.…”

Section: радиационная безопасность и защита от ядерного оружияmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2020. URL: https://www.iaea.org/publications/12370/medical-management-of-radiation-injuries (date: 23.12.2022).Table 3 -Threshold doses and time of onset for different manifestations of local radiation injuries1…”

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confidence: 99%

Treatment of Radiation Lesions with Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Lakota

2023

jour

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Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) is an acute illness caused by exposure to a high dose of ionizing radiation. ARS is the deterministic effect of radiation exposure of the whole body or a significant body volume (partial body irradiation) above a threshold dose of about 1 Gy (gray). Radiation accidents, such as those in Chernobyl (1986) and Fukushima (2011), or the possible use of nuclear weapons during the hostilities or terrorist attacks, can lead to the massive development of ARS in humans. The aim of the work is to introduce a new method of post-radiation treatment – the use of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Materials and methods. The information contained in specialized scientific journals that are freely available and accessible through the global Internet was studied. Discussion of the results. In the scenario of mass exposure of the population, when from several tens (hundreds) to millions of people can be irradiated, the transfusion of hematopoietic stem cells traditionally used in such cases would be impossible. MSCs can possibly differentiate into specialized cells, that is, turn into cells of various organs and tissues or induce such kind of regeneration. For practical use, there are two main sources of their isolation and reproduction ex vivo – bone marrow and adipose tissue. To date, it has been shown that MSCs derived from adipose tissue can be effective in mitigating the effects of acute radiation illness. Intravenously applied MSCs are migrating mainly to the bone marrow and are partially restoring its function. Deep anatomical structures are also involved in local radiation injuries: bone, muscles, nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels and skin. There is a strong body of evidence suggesting the «repair effect» of MSCs when used to treat such lesions. This is because MSCs can induce the repair and regeneration of the anatomical structures which they are locally applied, possibly by the paracrine effect. The main advantage of allogeneic MSCs over autologous ones is their logistical accessibility. They can be produced in advance in quantities and stored frozen. After thawing, the cells must be cultured for at least 48 hours in humidified incubators with the addition of 5 % CO2. Findings. Treatment of MSCs should be started as soon as possible after radiation exposure. Rescue of damaged hematopoiesis in the bone marrow can be achieved by multiple intravenous administration of up to 1 million (106) freshly prepared allogeneic MSCs/kg body weight. Locally (around and in the irradiation area), the dose of MSCs may be lower – 20 million cells. Repeated topical application should be carried out at intervals of two to four weeks. Subsequent surgical reconstruction should be performed by an experienced surgeon and in a specialized center with concomitant topicalapplication of MSCs.

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