Sieve Elements: The Favourite Habitat of Phytoplasmas

Bel, Aart J. E. van

doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-8837-2_19

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 199 publications

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“…Finally, the formation of the sieve plate during the differentiation process is an important acquisition. As a whole, the sieve element structural integrity is highly sensitive to manipulations and, thus, establishing the approximate state of its structure is not always possible [24]. type plastids, which contain starch inclusions, and P-type plastids, which contain proteinaceous inclusion bodies and are typical of monocots) and other organelles are retained in a modified form [13,22].…”

Section: Emergence Of Vasculature In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, the formation of the sieve plate during the differentiation process is an important acquisition. As a whole, the sieve element structural integrity is highly sensitive to manipulations and, thus, establishing the approximate state of its structure is not always possible [24]. Currently, few genes have been proven to be directly involved in phloem development.…”

Section: Emergence Of Vasculature In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, genes involved in the initiation of companion cell development have not been determined with certainty thus far [43]. SE/companion cell complexes arise from (pro)cambial mother cells induced by key genes known to be decisive for SE differentiation [24]. It was long thought that SEs and companion cells originate from a common precursor cell.…”

Section: The Translational Machinery In Differentiated Se Is Disrupte...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Interplay between Enucleated Sieve Elements and Companion Cells

Matilla

2023

Plants

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In order to adapt to sessile life and terrestrial environments, vascular plants have developed highly sophisticated cells to transport photosynthetic products and developmental signals. Of these, two distinct cell types (i.e., the sieve element (SE) and companion cell) are arranged in precise positions, thus ensuring effective transport. During SE differentiation, most of the cellular components are heavily modified or even eliminated. This peculiar differentiation implies the selective disintegration of the nucleus (i.e., enucleation) and the loss of cellular translational capacity. However, some cellular components necessary for transport (e.g., plasmalemma) are retained and specific phloem proteins (P-proteins) appear. Likewise, MYB (i.e., APL) and NAC (i.e., NAC45 and NAC86) transcription factors (TFs) and OCTOPUS proteins play a notable role in SE differentiation. The maturing SEs become heavily dependent on neighboring non-conducting companion cells, to which they are connected by plasmodesmata through which only 20–70 kDa compounds seem to be able to pass. The study of sieve tube proteins still has many gaps. However, the development of a protocol to isolate proteins that are free from any contaminating proteins has constituted an important advance. This review considers the very detailed current state of knowledge of both bound and soluble sap proteins, as well as the role played by the companion cells in their presence. Phloem proteins travel long distances by combining two modes: non-selective transport via bulk flow and selective regulated movement. One of the goals of this study is to discover how the protein content of the sieve tube is controlled. The majority of questions and approaches about the heterogeneity of phloem sap will be clarified once the morphology and physiology of the plasmodesmata have been investigated in depth. Finally, the retention of specific proteins inside an SE is an aspect that should not be forgotten.

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Section: Emergence Of Vasculature In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, the formation of the sieve plate during the differentiation process is an important acquisition. As a whole, the sieve element structural integrity is highly sensitive to manipulations and, thus, establishing the approximate state of its structure is not always possible [24]. Currently, few genes have been proven to be directly involved in phloem development.…”

Section: Emergence Of Vasculature In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Translational Machinery In Differentiated Se Is Disrupte...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Interplay between Enucleated Sieve Elements and Companion Cells

Matilla

2023

Plants

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“…Besides its physiological roles, callose functions as a first response against a broad assortment of pathogens and stresses (Chen and Kim, 2009). Callose can be involved in the formation of papillae (Kauss, 1996;Maor and Shirasu, 2005), in plugging the xylem (Rapicavoli et al, 2018;Kashyap et al, 2021), and in the constriction of the sieve pores together with the sieve element occlusion-related proteins (SEOR) (Bernardini et al, 2020(Bernardini et al, , 2022aPagliari et al, 2017;van Bel, 2019). Thus, callose quantification and evaluation in plants can have several merits in understanding physiological responses, as well as plant defense in plants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An efficient method for the extraction and the quantitative determination of callose from HLB-affected and healthy citrus

Bernardini,

Franco,

Russo

et al. 2024

Front. Agron.

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Callose is a 1,3-β glucan responsible for several processes in planta such as cell division, ripening of pollen mother cells, maintaining the plasmodesmata opening, and providing structure to the sieve plates. Besides the physiological roles, callose is deposited during pathogen attacks, forming papillae to prevent pathogen entrance into the tissue or plugging the sieve pores to limit the spread of phloem pathogens. Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), the putative causal agent of Huanglongbing (HLB), is a phloem-restricted pathogen whose infection leads to the production of callose in the phloem. Characterizing the dynamics of callose plugging during HLB is important for understanding the disease, but no published protocols are available for the extraction and quantification of the callose in citrus trees, and quantitative data are limited. Detection of callose by microscopy is time-consuming and expensive and does not give information about the distribution of callose in the entire plant. Here, we present a short protocol for the efficient extraction and quantification of the total callose from citrus plants. We compared different tissues from healthy and CLas-infected plants and identified an increase in callose levels in the midribs, the stems, and the fruit peduncles of infected plants. Callose levels were highest in leaves, especially midribs, compared to stems, roots, and fruit peduncles. This method could be applied to other woody plant species.

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Detection and characterization of rice orange leaf phytoplasma infection in rice and Recilia dorsalis

Zhang

Huang

et al. 2022

Phytopathol Res

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Phytoplasmas are small bacterial parasites that lack cell walls and are transmitted in a persistent-propagative manner by insect vectors. However, detailed multiplication patterns and movements of phytoplasmas within host plant and insect vector remain elusive. In this study, a specific antibody against the immunodominant membrane protein (Imp) of rice orange leaf phytoplasma (ROLP) was generated and subjected to the frozen section immune gold labeling assay, immune gold labeling microscopy, and immune fluorescence labeling assay to investigate how ROLP enters, propagates, and spreads in rice and its leafhopper vector Recilia dorsalis at the ultrastructural level. During acquisition and transmission by insect vectors, ROLPs could squeeze and penetrate the multiple membrane/tissue barriers such as microvilli, apical plasmalemma, and basal lamina in the intestines or salivary glands by endocytosis- and exocytosis-like mechanism. Furthermore, ROLP infection is restricted to the type IV and V cells of salivary glands. In contrast to the classical binary fission used by most bacteria, electron microscopy reveals that ROLP exploits an asymmetrical budding strategy to replicate in plant hosts and insect vectors. In this process, a cellular protrusion of ROLP forms a bud to reproduce the offspring by fission at the junction between the bud and the ROLP main body. These results clarify the infection characteristics of ROLP in rice and R. dorsalis, which will help guide the formulation of ROLP prevention and control strategies.

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Sieve Elements: The Favourite Habitat of Phytoplasmas

Cited by 3 publications

References 199 publications

The Interplay between Enucleated Sieve Elements and Companion Cells

The Interplay between Enucleated Sieve Elements and Companion Cells

An efficient method for the extraction and the quantitative determination of callose from HLB-affected and healthy citrus

Detection and characterization of rice orange leaf phytoplasma infection in rice and Recilia dorsalis

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