Side effects of the cough drug dextromethorphan, studied on ants as models

Working on ants as models, we examined the side effects of six largely used products, separately published our findings, and here summarize them for the readers’ convenience. The herbicides, the active substance of which is pelargonic acid, must be used only for not cultivated area since they impact the live of the soil fauna. Imodium, the active substance of which is Loperamide, used to stop diarrhea, should be used during short time periods, monitoring the patients as for their food consumption, locomotion, social relationships, cognition and dependence on the drug use. Only small amount of the myorelaxant Epsipram, the active substance of which is Tetrazepam, should be used, monitoring the patients as for their activity, locomotion, social relationships, stress, cognition, memory and dependence on the drug consumption. The antiemetic Motilium, the active substance of which is Domperidone, should be used after having made an adequate clinical examination of the patients, take then care of them monitoring them as for their health since side effects may occur. The dietary supplement Cognizing, the active substance of which is citicoline, should not be used, being inefficient and causing stress, agitation, nervousness and strong dependence on its consumption. The dietary supplement PQQ is efficient and has no adverse effect; it could be used, but at low doses, since, being novel, some not yet observed side effects may occur.

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse effects, studied on ants, of six products largely used by humans; a mini review

Cammaerts¹

2023

“…We invite readers to take cognizance of our experimental processes in our previously published paper. [6][7][8][9][10][11]…”

Section: Assesment Of the Ants' Traitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some more information is given in the results section, and all the available one can be found in the six works relative to these drugs. [6][7][8][9][10][11] The observed effects reported in the table successively concerns the aggressiveness between nestmates, the escaping ability, the ability to cross a difficult path (i.e. the cognition), the general activity and the food consumption, the linear speed, the learning and memorization.…”

Section: Amitriptylinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More ones can be found in. [6][7][8][9][10][11] A: ants consuming dextromethorphan became dependent on this drug (red dot).…”

Section: Indapamidementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using ants as models, we examined such side effects of until now 47 drugs, and, for the readers' convenience, in addition to the publication of each of these works, we summarized our main findings in up to day five papers. [1][2][3][4][5] After our last published summary, we still examined the side effects of six drugs, [6][7][8][9][10][11] and we here summarize these new results in a sixth short paper. Working on ants as models, we could precisely defined some kinds of effects, such as those on the individuals' movement, sensory perception, social interactions, cognition, memorization, and could inform on the individuals' adaptation to these effects and on their dependence on the drug consumption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Side effects of drugs studied on ant models: a mini review

Cammaerts

2022

Using ants as models, we studied until now the side effects of 47 products used by humans and, over these studies we published five summaries of our main findings. After that, we studied the side effects of six other drugs used by humans, and we here summarize these lastly obtained results. These six other drugs were dextromethorphan, amitriptylin, escitalopram, fluvoxamine, iverectin, and indapamide. For each of them, we found side effects similar to those reported for humans, but we also observed side effects not yet mentioned for humans. They concerned among others the locomotion, the activity, the sensory perception, the social relationships and the learning. Practitioners and pharmacists should take cognizance of our works for more adequately and safely used the six drugs we examined. Our six works are published and thus available, but they can also be provided by the author(s). All over our studies, ants appeared to be excellent biological models; the experiments could be made easily, rapidly and at lost cost, while providing statistically significant results.

Challenging the safety and efficiency of homeopathy: investigating a step further for “placebo-like” effect on ants as model organisms

Cammaerts,

Cammaerts

2022

Working on ants as biological models, we previously showed that Ignatia amara 5CH could decrease the adverse effect of onion odor (used as a stressing factor) on these insects’ locomotion, tactile perception, social relationships, stress, cognition, learning and memory. We here examined if this beneficial effect may be due to a “placebo-like” effect, caused by the sugared compound used in homeopathic drugs. To do so, we studied, again on ants as model organisms, the effect of Ignatia amara Mk, the drug-free preparation of Ignatia amara homeopathic drug, on ants maintained in the presence of onion and thus impacted by its odor. The Ignatia amara Mk homeopathic product did not improve any of the physiological and ethological traits of ants affected by the stressing factor. As a control, we assessed all the examined traits in ants maintained under normal conditions and found that none of the considered traits was affected (i.e. was different from their usual valor, the ants being thus initially in good, usual health). Consequently, Ignatia amara Mk appears as being without any effects, while Ignatia amara 5CH appeared to be efficient as a drug. Therefore, it seems that the effect we observed in our previous study using Ignatia amara 5CH cannot be explained by the sugared compound used as a support for the 5 CH dilution of the drug. As ants are not affected by the placebo effect, this later being a psychological bias, our results suggest that our previous work indeed revealed some effects of Ignatia amara homeopathic drug.