“…[7][8][9][10][11][12][13] To date, 2,2 0 ,7,7 0 -tetrakis (N,N-di-pmethoxyphenylamine)-9,9 0 -spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD) is a state-of-art HTM that enables PSCs to achieve superior efficiency. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] However, the complex synthesis process of Spiro-OMeTAD leads to a significant increase of the total cost of PSCs, limiting its future largescale industrial applications. [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] Therefore, many researchers have endeavored to develop novel low-cost and highly efficient HTMs to replace Spiro-OMeTAD.…”