Sialobiology and the Polysialic Acid Glycotope Occurrence, Structure, Function, Synthesis, and Glycopathology

Troy, Frederic A.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9504-2_4

Cited by 32 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…Spontaneously occurring antibodies to Neu5Gc occur in patients with cancer and with certain infectious diseases, as well as in chickens with Marek's disease, a malignant herpes virus infection (Varki et al, 1999). In tumour metastasis, an increase in the level of cell surface sialylation in certain cell lines has been found to be linked to their metastatic potential (Troy, 1995). The increased sialylation may contribute to the survival of the metastasising cells in the circulatory system, and to adhesion of the cells to the endothelium at a secondary site (von Itzstein & Thomson, 1997).…”

Section: Medical Significance Of Disturbances In Sialic Acid Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role and potential of sialic acid in human nutrition

2003

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Sialic acids are a family of nine-carbon acidic monosaccharides that occur naturally at the end of sugar chains attached to the surfaces of cells and soluble proteins. In the human body, the highest concentration of sialic acid (as N-acetylneuraminic acid) occurs in the brain where it participates as an integral part of ganglioside structure in synaptogenesis and neural transmission. Human milk also contains a high concentration of sialic acid attached to the terminal end of free oligosaccharides, but its metabolic fate and biological role are currently unknown. An important question is whether the sialic acid in human milk is a conditional nutrient and confers developmental advantages on breast-fed infants compared to those fed infant formula. In this review, we critically discuss the current state of knowledge of the biology and role of sialic acid in human milk and nervous tissue, and the link between sialic acid, breastfeeding and learning behaviour.

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Section: Medical Significance Of Disturbances In Sialic Acid Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role and potential of sialic acid in human nutrition

2003

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“…PolySia was first found in neuro-invasive bacterial polysaccharide chains in 1957 (9). In vertebrates, polySia was first reported from polysialoglycoprotein (PSGP) derived from salmonid fish eggs (10).…”

Section: B History Of the Discovery Of Polysia-containing Glycoconjumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, (poly) Sia structures have been demonstrated in insects (fly and cicada) (15,16). In addition, polySia-NCAM has been detected in not only vertebrate brains, but also in kidney, heart, and natural killer (NK) cells (in humans) (9). Several types of cancer cells, including neuroblastoma, Wilms' tumors, and small cell lung carcinomas, display polySia, which is considered to be involved in the detachment and metastasis of tumor cells through its anti-adhesive effects.…”

Section: B History Of the Discovery Of Polysia-containing Glycoconjumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Polysialic acid is a unique and interesting glycotope that serves as an onco-developmental antigen because of its spatio-temporal expression in the embryonic brain and several types of cancers (9). α2,8-Linked polyNeu5Ac structures with DP greater than 8-10 exist in helical conformation(s) (Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As polySia consists of extremely long helical polyanionic chains (DP=8-400), it exhibits hydration effects and has a large exclusive volume. Therefore, the polySia present on cell surfaces functions as a negative regulator between cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix protein interactions (9). In fact, the space between cells widens by 10-15 nm in the presence of polySia (11).…”

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confidence: 99%

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New Functions of Polysialic Acid and Its Relationship to Schizophrenia

Sato

Kitajima

2011

TIGG

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Polysialic acid (polySia), particularly α2,8-linked polyNeu5Ac (DP=8~400), is a unique polymer that spatiotemporally modifies neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), predominantly in embryonic brains. PolySia is considered to function as a negative regulator of adhesion between cells, and between cells and extracellular matrix due to its extremely polyanionic nature and steric hindrance. Through its antiadhesive property and spatio-temporal expression, polySia is involved in cell migration, neural outgrowth, axonal guidance, synaptic plasticity, and the development of normal neural circuits and neurogenesis. Due to improvements of polySiadetection methods, it has been shown that polySia expression persists in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb of adults, where neurogenesis is ongoing; however, the functions of polySia, particularly in adult brains, remain incompletely resolved. Recently, we demonstrated that polySia functions not only as an anti-adhesive molecule, but also as a reservoir for specific bioactive molecules, such as neurotrophic factors, neurotransmitters, and growth factors, which regulate neural function. In addition, studies have revealed that the enzymatic activity of STX, which is involved in the synthesis of polySia, derived from schizophrenic patient is low and that the product of the enzyme, polySia on NCAM is impaired with respect to both quantity and quality. Notably, impaired polySia-NCAM cannot effectively retain bioactive molecules, including BDNF, dopamine, and FGF2. Taken together, the impairment of polySia might influence the retention function of polySia and lead to the development of psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, which are reported to express either lower or elevated amounts of polySia compared with normal brains.

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Glycoproteins: Structure and Function

Sharon¹,

Lis²

1996

Glycosciences

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Sialobiology and the Polysialic Acid Glycotope Occurrence, Structure, Function, Synthesis, and Glycopathology

Cited by 32 publications

References 154 publications

The role and potential of sialic acid in human nutrition

The role and potential of sialic acid in human nutrition

New Functions of Polysialic Acid and Its Relationship to Schizophrenia

Glycoproteins: Structure and Function

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