Si-based optical I/O for optical memory interface

Energy Expenditure and Cost During Walking After Stroke: A Systematic Review

“…We have included 29 studies, including 501 stroke survivors and 132 healthy controls of which eleven studies provided data for quantitative analyses ( fig 1). VO2 uptake was assessed during overground walking in 14 studies, 13,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] treadmill walking in 13 studies [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43] and during both overground and treadmill walking in two studies. 44,45 Of the 29 studies, nine compared VO2 uptake during walking in stroke versus healthy controls; four examined overground walking (stroke n=54; healthy controls n=77) 13,18,20,23 and five which examined treadmill walking (stroke n=73; healthy controls n=55).…”

“…42 Two studies measured post-stroke VO2 uptake during a short overground walking test at > 6 months post-stroke. 26,29 Measured over a single 20 meter walk, mean EE was 6.20 VO2 ml/kg/min; 95% CI 5.65 to 6.75 and EC was 0.30 VO2 ml/kg/m; 95% CI 0.24 to 0.36 (low risk of bias, 37 participants). 26 When measured over a single 30 meter walk, the average EE was 8.70 VO2 ml/kg/min; 95% CI 7.58 to 9.82 (low risk of bias, 15 participants).…”

“…33 Outcomes VO2 uptake during walking was measured under steady-state conditions in 15 studies, 13, 18, 19, 23, 30, 33-39, 41, 43, 44 and over the total walking time in 6 studies. 20,22,24,25,27,28 In two studies VO2 uptake was measured during a single overground walking test over 20 26 and 30 meters 29 and in six studies NET VO2 uptake (VO2 uptake during walking -resting VO2 uptake) during steady-state conditions was reported. The results of the studies that measured VO2 uptake during a single bout of walking over a short distance (i.e.…”

“…20,35,37,42 In 11 studies the confounders age, time since stroke and walking ability/impairment were not explicitly reported. 18,20,26,32,34,[36][37][38][39][40]42 In 12 studies the outcome definitions were not clearly described. 18, 19, 21, 29, 32, 36, 38-41, 43, 44 The authors of 11 studies specified the exact minutes during which the data were acquired for steady-state data-analysis, 13, 19, 21, 23, 30, 33-36, 38, 45 and the authors of only one study reported a definition of steady-state and defined it as a period of at least 3 minutes, during which the variability of heart rate was less than 4 beats/minute.…”

FPGA-based DDR3 DRAM interface using bulk-Si optical interconnects

“…The germanium photodetector is based on surface-type and can operate at data rate of more than 12.5 Gbps at wafer level. More details on the fabrication process and device structure can be found from [2]- [6].…”