Shyness

doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0525-3

Cited by 46 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 326 publications

(474 reference statements)

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“…Within these two dimensions of personality the breadth of research has greatly expanded. Shyness is a concept that is related, yet not identical, to introversion with an extensive history in the field of psychology that dates back to the ideas of Hans Eysenck (1947) (for reviews see Carducci, 1999;Jones, Cheek, & Briggs, 1986;Lewinsky, 1941;Rubin & Asendorpf, 1993;Zimbardo, 1977). Eysenck (1947) believed that most individual differences in personality could be explained by varying and interacting levels of neuroticism and extraversion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shyness: Subtypes, Psychosocial Correlates, and Treatment Interventions

Jones¹,

Schulkin²

2014

PSYCH

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Decades of research on the study of introversion and extraversion have allowed researchers to distinguish among individual differences on each of these dimensions. Research indicates that shyness, a rather common personality trait, is a construct that is related, but not identical, to introversion. Once regarded as a unitary construct, modern day personality theorists propose that shyness is based on a number of orthogonal dimensions. Empirical evidence suggests that distinct subtypes of shyness develop as a result of differences in social approach and social avoidance behaviors. Temperamental shyness is a risk factor for behavioral and affective problems, as well as more severe psychological problems. This article focuses on the phenomenon of shyness by reviewing its subtypes, psychosocial correlates, and efficacious treatment interventions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shyness: Subtypes, Psychosocial Correlates, and Treatment Interventions

Jones¹,

Schulkin²

2014

PSYCH

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“…Shyness is characterized by fear and inhibition in response to social novelty and/or under conditions of perceived social evaluation (Kagan, Reznick, & Snidman, 1988; Rubin, Coplan, & Bowker, 2009). Shyness can be regarded as an emotional state during specific social situations, or as a temperamental trait that is relatively stable across development (for a review of these concepts, see Jones, Cheek, & Briggs, 1986; Rubin & Asendorpf, 1993; Rubin & Coplan, 2010).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Smiling through the shyness: The adaptive function of positive affect in shy children.

Poole

Schmidt

2019

Emotion

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Most research treats shyness as a homogenous phenomenon when examining its correlates and consequences, which limits the identification of specific groups of shy children who may be at differential risk for maladaptive social outcomes. Here, we examined whether different types of shyness were uniquely associated with social adjustment and physiological stress reactivity in school-age children (n = 92; Mage = 7.47 years; SD = 2.23 years). During the completion of a videotaped self-presentation task, behavioral measures of positivity and avoidance were coded in order to derive shyness groups (i.e., positive shy: high positivity and high avoidance; negative shy: low positivity and high avoidance; and non-shy: low avoidance). Further, during the self-presentation task, direct observation of activity level was coded, and salivary cortisol reactivity to the social stressor was measured. We also collected parent- and teacher report of children's social anxiety, and parent report of children's sociability. We found that negative shy children were more socially anxious according to both parent- and teacher report, less sociable, and they also displayed reduced activity levels during the speech than the positive shy and non-shy children. Positive shy and non-shy children were indistinguishable across all measures of social behavior. Shyness group had no influence on children's cortisol stress reactivity. Our findings provide support for heterogeneity in the expression of shyness, and highlight that not all shy children experience poor social adjustment. Expression of positivity during socially threatening situations may have an adaptive social function in shy school-age children, as it is associated with reduced social anxiety and increased sociability. (PsycINFO Database Record

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“…Shyness is a characteristic of temperament or personality that reflects a tendency to feel anxious and inhibited in anticipation of or during social situations (Cheek & Melchior, 1990) and has been investigated in western cultures for many decades (see Coplan et al, 2021; Jones et al, 1986; Kagan et al, 1988; Rubin & Asendorpf, 1993; Rubin & Coplan, 2010; Schmidt & Poole, 2020; Schmidt & Schulkin, 1999; Zimbardo, 1977 for reviews). In adults, shyness characteristics have been associated with many negative adjustment outcomes and are considered to be a risk factor for poorer socioemotional development and overall well-being (Caspi et al, 1988; Schmidt et al, 2017).…”

Section: Shyness Across Culturementioning

confidence: 99%

Are cross-cultural shyness comparisons valid? Testing invariance with multigroup CFA and the alignment method across eastern and western cultures.

Kong¹,

Brook²,

Zhong³

et al. 2022

Psychological Assessment

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Temperament/personality research has been largely based on an imposed-etic strategy: Self-report temperament/personality inventories created in and reflecting American culture were tacitly assumed to apply in other countries and cultures. Correspondingly, invariance tests on the underlying phenomena and their associated constructs have been rarely applied in cross-cultural studies and in those instances unsuccessfully. To explore this oversight, we investigated whether a western-based anxious shyness measure was equivalent across eastern-western cultures (Chinese, n = 816, 47.2% male; Canadian, n = 995, 30.8% male). In the first instance, we used the well-established multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) to show that there was measurement noninvariance in the one factor shyness scale across the two countries and the two countries by sex. We further examined the issue of noninvariance using the newer alignment method, an approach providing detailed information on noninvariance for each country model by parameter (across intercepts and loadings) as an alternative to the MGCFA restrictive assessment of whole scale construct validation. The findings suggested acceptable approximate invariance in the shyness scale to support an unbiased comparison of mean levels between the two countries and the two countries by sex. Chinese young adults had significantly higher mean levels of shyness than Canadian young adults. Despite some limited noninvariance, we were able to conclude that the underlying construct of shyness as measured in this study was equivalent across Chinese and Canadian cultures. Findings illustrated the difficulties and importance of first establishing fundamental measurement properties and equivalence in personality constructs before inferring cross-cultural universality in complex traits and characteristics. Public Significance StatementAmerican defined constructs assessed through questionnaires are assumed to apply across all cultural groups. Constructs are rarely tested for equivalence in measurement structure across groups. This study found that the same underlying shyness construct was being measured across Canadian and Chinese participants, allowing us to look at meaningful and unbiased mean differences in shyness. Chinese young adults had significantly higher mean levels of shyness than Canadian young adults.

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Shyness

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Cited by 46 publications

References 326 publications

Shyness: Subtypes, Psychosocial Correlates, and Treatment Interventions

Shyness: Subtypes, Psychosocial Correlates, and Treatment Interventions

Smiling through the shyness: The adaptive function of positive affect in shy children.

Are cross-cultural shyness comparisons valid? Testing invariance with multigroup CFA and the alignment method across eastern and western cultures.

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