Shrinkage of cutaneous specimens: formalin or other factors involved?

Kerns, Mary Jo; Darst, Marc A.; Olsen, Thomas G.; Fenster, Mark; Hall, Philip D.; Grevey, Scott C.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0560.2007.00943.x

Cited by 115 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…For example, the loss of neurons or dendrites might allow the brain to shrink more during the fixation process as there is less internal structure in the tissue. This phenomenon is well known in the medical field where, for example, the more fibrous dermal tissue of adults will shrink less than that of juveniles when fixed in formalin (Kerns et al 2008). Thus, if neuron numbers or dendritic branching change (e.g.…”

Section: Is Hippocampal Volume a Relevant Morphological Measure Of Spmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The duration of the perfusion and the concentration of the chemicals involved may, however, have strong effects. For example, the concentration of and duration of exposure to formalin (formaldehyde/paraformaldehyde) will affect the degree of tissue shrinkage (Quester & Schroder 1997;Kerns et al 2008). Formalin fixes tissue by cross-linking proteins (Puchtler & Meloan 1985).…”

Section: Problems With the Compatibility Of Data Across Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Is bigger always better? A critical appraisal of the use of volumetric analysis in the study of the hippocampus

Roth

Brodin

Smulders

et al. 2010

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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A well-developed spatial memory is important for many animals, but appears especially important for scatter-hoarding species. Consequently, the scatter-hoarding system provides an excellent paradigm in which to study the integrative aspects of memory use within an ecological and evolutionary framework. One of the main tenets of this paradigm is that selection for enhanced spatial memory for cache locations should specialize the brain areas involved in memory. One such brain area is the hippocampus (Hp). Many studies have examined this adaptive specialization hypothesis, typically relating spatial memory to Hp volume. However, it is unclear how the volume of the Hp is related to its function for spatial memory. Thus, the goal of this article is to evaluate volume as a main measurement of the degree of morphological and physiological adaptation of the Hp as it relates to memory. We will briefly review the evidence for the specialization of memory in food-hoarding animals and discuss the philosophy behind volume as the main currency. We will then examine the problems associated with this approach, attempting to understand the advantages and limitations of using volume and discuss alternatives that might yield more specific hypotheses. Overall, there is strong evidence that the Hp is involved in the specialization of spatial memory in scatter-hoarding animals. However, volume may be only a coarse proxy for more relevant and subtle changes in the structure of the brain underlying changes in behaviour. To better understand the nature of this brain/memory relationship, we suggest focusing on more specific and relevant features of the Hp, such as the number or size of neurons, variation in connectivity depending on dendritic and axonal arborization and the number of synapses. These should generate more specific hypotheses derived from a solid theoretical background and should provide a better understanding of both neural mechanisms of memory and their evolution.

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Section: Is Hippocampal Volume a Relevant Morphological Measure Of Spmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Problems With the Compatibility Of Data Across Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is bigger always better? A critical appraisal of the use of volumetric analysis in the study of the hippocampus

Roth

Brodin

Smulders

et al. 2010

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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show abstract

“…Even when incorporating a mean 20% shrinkage in tumor length associated with loss of elastic skin tension during excision [14], the residual estimate for the tumor most resistant to PDL in this study would not change significantly (tumor 20: 29% residual tumor vs. 35% residual tumor).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The effect of 595 nm pulsed dye laser on superficial and nodular basal cell carcinomas

Shah

Konnikov²,

Duncan

et al. 2009

Lasers Surg Med

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Background and Objective: Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) have supporting vasculature that could serve as a target for 595 nm pulsed dye laser (PDL). The objective of this study was to determine the effect of repeated PDL treatments on BCCs of superficial and nodular subtypes and of varying diameters. Study Design/Materials and Methods: Twenty biopsyproven BCCs received four 595 nm PDL treatments at 2-week intervals. The tumor and 4 mm of peripheral skin were treated using a set of previously optimized laser parameters: one pass, 15 J/cm 2 energy, 3 ms pulse length, no cooling, and 7 mm spot size with 10% overlap. The treated area was excised and evaluated histologically for residual tumor. Histologic response rates of the PDL treated BCCs were compared with that of non-PDL treated, matched control tumors. Results: Nearly all BCCs <1.5 cm in diameter (n ¼ 12) showed complete response to four PDL treatments (91.7%; n ¼ 11/12) versus 16.7% of controls (n ¼ 2/12, P-value ¼ 0.0003). BCCs !1.5 cm in diameter (n ¼ 8) showed a complete response rate of 25% (n ¼ 2/8) versus 0% of controls (n ¼ 0/8, P-value ¼ 0.2). Mean clinical tumor diameter of the complete responders was 1.1 cm (n ¼ 13) versus 2.2 cm (n ¼ 7) for incomplete responders (P-value ¼ 0.005). Tumor histologic types among the complete responders included superficial, nodular, micronodular, and keratinizing. Incompletely responding BCCs showed a significant reduction in tumor burden after PDL treatment, with residual histologic tumor burden ranging from <1% to 29% of the original clinical tumor diameter, compared to 13-68% residual tumor burden for the corresponding controls (P-value ¼ 0.05). Conclusions: PDL is an effective means of reducing tumor burden in patients with large BCCs and may be an alternative therapy in BCCs <1.5 cm in diameter.

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“…Assessment of cardiac enddiastolic volumes was performed by calculating the sum of the volumes of all 300-µm partitions. Because histological processing results in shrinkage of the processed tissue (Kerns et al 2008), the values were corrected by a linear factor of 1.3. The following formulas were used:…”

Section: Perfusion Fixation and Assessment Of Ventricular Volumesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Characterization of Myocardial Inflammation, Repair, and Remodeling in a Mouse Model of Reperfused Myocardial Infarction

Christia

Bujak

González-Quesada

et al. 2013

J Histochem Cytochem.

102

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Mouse models of myocardial infarction are essential tools for the study of cardiac injury, repair, and remodeling. Our current investigation establishes a systematic approach for quantitative evaluation of the inflammatory and reparative response, cardiac function, and geometry in a mouse model of reperfused myocardial infarction. Reperfused mouse infarcts exhibited marked induction of inflammatory cytokines that peaked after 6 hr of reperfusion. In the infarcted heart, scar contraction and chamber dilation continued for at least 28 days after reperfusion; infarct maturation was associated with marked thinning of the scar, accompanied by volume loss and rapid clearance of cellular elements. Echocardiographic measurements of end-diastolic dimensions correlated well with morphometric assessment of dilative remodeling in perfusion-fixed hearts. Hemodynamic monitoring was used to quantitatively assess systolic and diastolic function; the severity of diastolic dysfunction following myocardial infarction correlated with cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and infarct collagen content. Expression of molecular mediators of inflammation and cellular infiltration needs to be investigated during the first 72 hr, whereas assessment of dilative remodeling requires measurement of geometric parameters for at least four weeks after the acute event. Rapid initiation and resolution of the inflammatory response, accelerated scar maturation, and extensive infarct volume loss are important characteristics of infarct healing in mice.

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Shrinkage of cutaneous specimens: formalin or other factors involved?

Cited by 115 publications

References 10 publications

Is bigger always better? A critical appraisal of the use of volumetric analysis in the study of the hippocampus

Is bigger always better? A critical appraisal of the use of volumetric analysis in the study of the hippocampus

The effect of 595 nm pulsed dye laser on superficial and nodular basal cell carcinomas

Systematic Characterization of Myocardial Inflammation, Repair, and Remodeling in a Mouse Model of Reperfused Myocardial Infarction

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