Shrimp White Spot Syndrome - from Pathology to Pathogenomics

Abstract

ABSTRACT-For shrimp with low-level white spot syndrome virus (WSSV, = PRDV) infection, environmental or physiological stresses can trigger replication of the virus and lead to a full-blown outbreak of white spot disease. This review will describe how pathogenomic studies have revealed some of the mechanisms that underlie this aspect of WSSV pathology. In the model that emerges, stressors activate shrimp STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription), which is then annexed by the virus and used to activate the promoter of the immediate early gene WSSV ie1. This in turn leads to rapid replication of the virus.

Historic emergence, impact and current status of shrimp pathogens in Asia

“…WSSV is still the most serious threat for all countries and for all cultivated species of shrimp in Asia. There are a number of recent reviews that cover aspects of WSSV biology and control measures (Escobedo-Bonilla et al, 2008;Leu et al, 2009;Lightner, 2011;Liu et al, 2009;Sánchez-Martínez et al, 2007;Sánchez-Paz, 2010). Since the widespread use of SPF stocks of P. vannamei in relatively biosecure rearing ponds in Asia, the impact of WSSV has greatly declined, as can be seen from Figs.…”

Draft Genome Sequence of White Spot Syndrome Virus Isolated from Cultured Litopenaeus vannamei in Mexico

“…Presently, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the most devastating shrimp viral pathogen worldwide, causing mortality of up to 100% of farm production within 2 to 10 days ( 2 ). Classified under a new genus, Whispovirus , in the family Nimaviridae ( 3 ), WSSV is extremely virulent and has a wide host tissue tropism ( 4 ). Currently, there are four WSSV complete reference genomes deposited in the public databases, with differences in length: WSSV-Taiwan is 307,287 nucleotides ( 5 ), WSSV-China is 305,107 nucleotides ( 6 ), WSSV-Thailand is 292,967 nucleotides ( 7 ), and WSSV-Korea is 295,884 nucleotides ( 8 ).…”

“…However, there is a lack of information related to WSSV functional genomics because of its taxonomical and sequence uniqueness. More than 90% of the predicted open reading frames (ORFs) have no significant similarity to any known proteins ( 4 ). Besides, there is evidence that demonstrates the existence of strain variability and differences in pathogenicity among geographical isolates of WSSV ( 9 – 13 ).…”

Effects ofVibrio harveyion plasma clotting protein (coagulogen) of white shrimpLitopenaeus vannamei

“…In viral infections, Taura syndrome caused large‐scale infections in the Americas since 1992 (Jimenez ; Hasson, Lightner, Mohney, Redman, Poulos & White ), while a first outbreak occurred in Taiwan in 1998 (Tu, Huang, Chuang, Hsu, Kuo, Li, Hsu, Li & Lin ; Yu & Song ). In addition, the WSSV, yellow head virus and infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus were also often visible infectious agents (Lu, Tapay, Brock & Loh ; Lu, Tapay, Gose, Brock & Loh ; Lo & Kou ; Teng, Lee, Lee, Chien, Chen, Sung, Su & Ou ; Liu, Liu, Kou & Lo ). In bacterial infections, vibriosis was the serious disease in larval and juvenile penaeid farm (Saulnier, Haffner, Goarant, Levy & Ansquer ), often caused by various vibrios especially Vibrio harveyi (Montero & Austin ; Liu, Cheng, Hsu & Chen ; Soto‐Rodriguez, Gomez‐Gil, Lozano, del Rio‐Rodríguez, Diéguez & Romalde ), resulting in serious economic losses.…”