Shrimp Oil Extracted from Shrimp Processing By-Product Is a Rich Source of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin-Esters, and Reveals Potential Anti-Adipogenic Effects in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

Abstract

The province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, generates tons of shrimp processing by-product every year. Shrimp contains omega (n)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and astaxanthin (Astx), a potent antioxidant that exists in either free or esterified form (Astx-E). In this study, shrimp oil (SO) was extracted from the shrimp processing by-product using the Soxhlet method (hexane:acetone 2:3). The extracted SO was rich in phospholipids, n-3 PUFA, and Astx-E. The 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated to mature adipocytes in the presence or absence of various treatments for 8 days. The effects of SO were then investigated on fat accumulation, and the mRNA expression of genes involved in adipogenesis and lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. The effects of fish oil (FO), in combination with Astx-E, on fat accumulation, and the mRNA expression of genes involved in adipogenesis and lipogenesis were also investigated. The SO decreased fat accumulation, compared to untreated cells, which coincided with lower mRNA expression of adipogenic and lipogenic genes. However, FO and FO + Astx-E increased fat accumulation, along with increased mRNA expression of adipogenic and lipogenic genes, and glucose transporter type 4 (Glut-4), compared to untreated cells. These findings have demonstrated that the SO is a rich source of n-3 PUFA and Astx-E, and has the potential to elicit anti-adipogenic effects. Moreover, the SO and FO appear to regulate adipogenesis and lipogenesis via independent pathways in 3T3-L1 cells.

Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Astaxanthin from Shrimp By-Products Using Vegetable Oils

“…Moreover, Sánchez-Camargo et al [ 27 ] observed increased amounts of EPA and DHA in lipids extracted from red-spotted shrimp residue when using ethanol as a co-solvent [ 29 ]. More specifically, the researchers observed an improved extraction efficacy of EPA (from 5.91% to 11.48%) and DHA (from 4.29% to 12.24%) when using 15% ethanol as a co-solvent [ 29 ].…”

Marine Animal Co-Products—How Improving Their Use as Rich Sources of Health-Promoting Lipids Can Foster Sustainability

“…In the specific case of shrimp, the waste generated during industrial processing represents 40-50% of its total weight [56,57]. Shrimp co-products are generally discarded or processed into animal feed or protein feedstuff for aquaculture diets [58,59]. Specific shrimp co-products include the cephalothorax (the head and the thorax or pereon region) and the hepatopancreas (midgut diverticulum and primary digestive organ) as substantial non-edible parts [56,58], along with carapaces and tails [60].…”

“…Specific shrimp co-products include the cephalothorax (the head and the thorax or pereon region) and the hepatopancreas (midgut diverticulum and primary digestive organ) as substantial non-edible parts [56,58], along with carapaces and tails [60]. Heads (cephalothorax) and tails are thought to be the richest in lipids [59]. In the lobster "tailing" process, the "head" (cephalothorax) is discarded as waste [61].…”

Chlorella unsaturated fatty acids suppress high‐fat diet‐induced obesity in C57/BL6J mice

“…For example, studies have showed that unsaturated fatty acids profoundly affect adipogenesis in cellular models. Phadtare et al (2021) reported that shrimp oil rich in n-3 unsaturated fatty acids reduced lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through fatty acids β-oxidation. Martins et al (2020) found eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) inhibited adipogenesis via regulating PPARγ and CIDEC transcription, and induced apoptosis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.…”

“…Phadtare et al. (2021) reported that shrimp oil rich in n‐3 unsaturated fatty acids reduced lipid accumulation in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes through fatty acids β‐oxidation. Martins et al.…”