Showing Uncertainty in Aircraft Cockpits using Icons

Kolbeinsson, Ari; Falkman, Göran; Lindblom, Jessica

doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.805

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Finger and Bisantz (2002) found that participants were more efficient when only using icons that were degraded to a greater or lesser degree (representing uncertainty) rather than using them alongside numerical probability estimates, an additional extrinsic element. Kolbeinsson et al (2015) and Bisantz et al (2005) also found superior performance with representations that used intrinsic representations of uncertainty for status information.…”

Section: Communicationmentioning

confidence: 98%

Applying Insights on Categorisation, Communication, and Dynamic Decision-Making: A Case Study of a ‘Simple’ Maritime Military Decision

Edmunds

Harris

Osman

2022

Review of General Psychology

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A complete understanding of decision-making in military domains requires gathering insights from several fields of study. To make the task tractable, here we consider a specific example of short-term tactical decisions under uncertainty made by the military at sea. Through this lens, we sketch out relevant literature from three psychological tasks each underpinned by decision-making processes: categorisation, communication and choice. From the literature, we note two general cognitive tendencies that emerge across all three stages: the effect of cognitive load and individual differences. Drawing on these tendencies, we recommend strategies, tools and future research that could improve performance in military domains – but, by extension, would also generalise to other high-stakes contexts. In so doing, we show the extent to which domain general properties of high order cognition are sufficient in explaining behaviours in domain specific contexts.

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Section: Communicationmentioning

confidence: 98%

Applying Insights on Categorisation, Communication, and Dynamic Decision-Making: A Case Study of a ‘Simple’ Maritime Military Decision

Edmunds

Harris

Osman

2022

Review of General Psychology

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“…In this phase of the flight test, the user uses a similar aircraft model equipped with a digital or glass cockpit similar to Garmin's G1000 PFD [69]. Table 7 Flight variables under consideration…”

Section: Digital Flight Displaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Design And Evaluation Of A General Aviation PFD Symbology Based On Human Factors

Jabbar¹

2023

Preprint

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<p>Throughout the world, more than 46% of the overall accidents occurring in the general aviation sector occur during the approach/landing phase of flight. According to the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), in 2018, more than 59% of these accidents occurred during the landing phase due to collision with terrain/or an object, power loss, and loss of control. This research focuses on reducing human-made errors by designing a new Primary Flight Display (PFD) symbology in an aircraft cockpit display using a Human Machine Interface (HMI) tool. The symbology is developed using Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA), which simplifies the overall process into various subtasks and builds algorithms to solve the problem. Ryerson Fixed Base Flight Simulator (FBFS) is used to deploy and test the effectiveness of the newly proposed symbology against existing primary flight displays (analog and digital). Finally, human factor evaluation techniques are used to understand the mental and physical workload experienced by pilots using all three displays. Results showed an almost 62% decrease in mental demand and a 53% decrease in physical demand while using the new display symbology.</p>

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“…Icons have also been shown to assist in the interpretation of uncertainty and can lead to increased decision performance relative to numerical or textual representations alone (Bisantz et al 2005(Bisantz et al , 2011. However, much of the existing work on uncertainty icons focuses on intrinsic methods for representing uncertainty, through adjusting visual variables of the icon display, such as saturation, resolution, or shape of the icon (e.g., MacEachren 1992; Bisantz et al 2005Bisantz et al , 2011Kinkeldey et al 2014;Kolbeinsson et al 2015). Here, we explore the potential value of icons to communicate uncertainty extrinsically.…”

Section: Iconsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Visual Design of Severe Weather Outlooks Can Affect Communication and Decision-Making

Clive,

Doyle,

Potter

et al. 2023

Weather, Climate, and Society

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Multiday severe weather outlooks can inform planning beyond the hour-to-day windows of warnings and watches. Outlooks can be complex to visualize, as they represent large-scale weather phenomena overlapping across several days at varying levels of uncertainty. Here, we present the results of a survey (n = 417) that explores how visual variables affect comprehension, inferences, and intended decision-making in a hypothetical scenario with the New Zealand MetService Severe Weather Outlook. We propose that visualization of the time window, forecast area, icons, and uncertainty can influence perceptions and decision-making based on four key findings. First, composite-style outlooks that depict multiple days of weather on one map can lead to biased perceptions of the forecast. When responding to questions about a day for which participants accurately reported there was no severe weather forecast, those who viewed a composite outlook reported higher likelihoods of severe weather occurring, higher levels of concern about travel, and higher likelihoods of changing plans compared to those who viewed outlooks that showed weather for each day on a separate map, suggesting that they perceived the forecast to underrepresent the likelihood of severe weather on that day. Second, presenting uncertainty in an extrinsic way (e.g., “low”) can lead to more accurate estimates of likelihood than intrinsic formats (e.g., hue variation). Third, shaded forecast areas may lead to higher levels of confidence in the forecast than outlined forecast areas. Fourth, inclusion of weather icons can improve comprehension in some conditions. The results demonstrate how visualization can affect decision-making about severe weather and support several evidence-based considerations for effective design of long-term forecasts. Significance Statement Severe weather outlook forecasts can be hard to clearly communicate because they show multiple weather patterns across multiple days and regions with varying uncertainty. The purpose of this study is to explore how visual elements of outlook design affect the way that people understand this complex content. We had three separate groups respond to the same series of questions while viewing different modified versions of the MetService Severe Weather Outlook in Aotearoa New Zealand and compared their responses. We find that the way the outlooks’ time window, forecast area, icons, and uncertainty are visualized can influence how people understand outlooks and make inferences and decisions about severe weather. We discuss how these influences may impact communication and action and present several evidence-based considerations for effective outlook design.

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Showing Uncertainty in Aircraft Cockpits using Icons

Cited by 4 publications

References 10 publications

Applying Insights on Categorisation, Communication, and Dynamic Decision-Making: A Case Study of a ‘Simple’ Maritime Military Decision

Applying Insights on Categorisation, Communication, and Dynamic Decision-Making: A Case Study of a ‘Simple’ Maritime Military Decision

Design And Evaluation Of A General Aviation PFD Symbology Based On Human Factors

How Visual Design of Severe Weather Outlooks Can Affect Communication and Decision-Making

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