Shoulder Range of Motion Measurement Using Inertial Measurement Unit—Validation with a Robot Arm

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Measuring joint range of motion has traditionally occurred with a universal goniometer, inclinometer, or expensive laboratory systems. The popularity of the inertial measurement unit (IMU) is growing, enabling the small and even single portable device to measure the range of motion. Until now, they were not used to assess hip joint range of motion. Our study aimed to check the validity of IMUs in assessing hip range of motion and compare them to other measurement devices—universal goniometer and inclinometer. Twenty participants completed three hip movements (flexion in standing and prone internal and external rotation) on both hips. Two testers independently assessed each movement with a goniometer, digital inclinometer, and IMU at different time points. To assess the agreement of active hip ROM between devices, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and Bland–Altman analysis were used. Furthermore, inter-rater and intra-rater reliability were also assessed by using ICC and Bland–Altman analysis. Limits of agreement (LOA) were calculated using Bland–Altman plots. The IMU demonstrated good to excellent validity (ICC: 0.87–0.99) compared to the goniometer and digital inclinometer, with LOAs < 9°, across all tested movements. Intra-rater reliability was excellent for all devices (ICC: 0.87–0.99) with LOAs < 7°. However, inter-rater reliability was moderate for flexion (ICC: 0.58–0.59, LOAs < 22.4) and poor for rotations (ICC: −0.33–0.04, LOAs < 7.8°). The present study shows that a single inertial measurement unit (RSQ Motion, RSQ Technologies, Poznan, Poland) could be successfully used to assess the active hip range of motion in healthy subjects, comparable to other methods accuracy.

“…The results showed excellent accuracy and repeatability, which allows us to believe that the device used will not affect the final results [25].…”

mentioning

confidence: 72%

Validity and Reliability of Inertial Measurement Units in Active Range of Motion Assessment in the Hip Joint

Stołowski,

Niedziela,

Lubiatowski

et al. 2023

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“…Single measure inter-class correlation coefficients (ICC 2.1 type) were calculated. We defined ICCs of less than 0.50 as indicative of poor reliability, values between 0.50 and 0.74 as indicative of moderate reliability, values between 0.75 and 0.90 as indicative of good reliability, and values greater than 0.90 as indicative of excellent reliability [16]. The In order to test the reliability of the measurements, the results from both shoulders were analyzed together, regardless of the shoulder preference.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isometric Shoulder Testing Using a Forcemeter Is a Reliable Method of Strength Evaluation

Wałecka,

Lubiatowski,

Bręborowicz

et al. 2023

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Isometric strength testing using a digital dynamometer is reliable for muscle function evaluation. It allows us to objectify manual strength assessment measurement. We tested intra- and inter-observer reliability of a user-friendly efficient digital dynamometer—the Forcemeter—equipped with a computer program to monitor the measurements and to store the data. Abduction, forward flexion, and external and internal rotation of both shoulders were tested three times in 20 healthy volunteers with no record of shoulder trauma. Isometric contracture was recorded in newtons. The first and the third test were carried out by Examiner A (intra-rater reliability); the second test, by Examiner B (inter-rater reliability). Good reliability was shown for intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) values which mean moderate to high correlations (r = 0.66–0.93) for both examiners. Moderate to high correlations (r = 0.72–0.91) were found for comparisons between the results obtained by Examiner A.

“…The RSQ Motion sensors were first tested in laboratory conditions on the KUKA robot for geometric indications. Their accuracy and repeatability are excellent, so it should be assumed that the device works flawlessly and its readings did not affect the obtained measurement differences in the final test result [34].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shoulder Range of Motion Measurement Using Inertial Measurement Unit–Concurrent Validity and Reliability

Kaszyński,

Baka,

Białecka

et al. 2023

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This study aimed to evaluate the reliability of the RSQ Motion sensor and its validity against the Propriometer and electronic goniometer in measuring the active range of motion (ROM) of the shoulder. The study included 15 volunteers (mean age 24.73 ± 3.31) without any clinical symptoms with no history of trauma, disease, or surgery to the upper limb. Four movements were tested: flexion, abduction, external and internal rotation. Validation was assessed in the full range of active shoulder motion. Reliability was revised in full active ROM, a fixed angle of 90 degrees for flexion and abduction, and 45 degrees for internal and external rotation. Each participant was assessed three times: on the first day by both testers and on the second day only by one of the testers. Goniometer and RSQ Motion sensors showed moderate to excellent correlation for all tested movements (ICC 0.61–0.97, LOA < 23 degrees). Analysis of inter-rater reliability showed good to excellent agreement between both testers (ICC 0.74–0.97, LOA 13–35 degrees). Analysis of intra-rater reliability showed moderate to a good agreement (ICC 0.7–0.88, LOA 22–37 degrees). The shoulder internal and external rotation measurement with RSQ Motion sensors is valid and reliable. There is a high level of inter-rater and intra-rater reliability for the RSQ Motion sensors and Propriometer.