Shoulder Isokinetic Strength Balance Ratio in Overhead Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

BackgroundStudies have grouped different overhead sports and evaluated together the isokinetic strength of shoulder internal (IR) and external (ER) rotator muscles. However, muscular adaptations could be a consequence of the specific sport, and some strength imbalance between these muscles may exist as a consequence of the muscular demand unique to the sport. Therefore, grouping different overhead sports together may not be adequate. PurposeTo compare strength balance ratios between different overhead sports (volleyball, handball, swimming, judo, baseball, softball, functional movements performed at high-intensity interval training, and tennis) with a control athletic group (no overhead group). Study designCross-sectional study. MethodsA total of 237 athletes were submitted to isokinetic shoulder strength tests. The isokinetic concentric and eccentric peak torque values of shoulder internal IR and external ER rotator muscles were measured. Conventional (CR) and functional strength ratios (FR) were calculated. ResultsThere were no significant differences between the sports for the CR in the male group. Female softball athletes (90.4±13.6%) had a significantly higher CR than judo (67.3±6.9%), volleyball (74.9±15.9%), and swimming athletes (70.3±8.7%). In the female group, judo athletes had lower FR values (0.76±0.19) than soccer athletes (1.31±0.35), volleyball athletes (1.24±0.27), functional movements performed at high intensity (1.10±0.1), and softball athletes (1.40±0.39). Female handball athletes also had a lower FR (0.99±0.25) than soccer athletes (1.31±0.35) and softball athletes (1.40±0.39). Male handball (0.90±0.23), tennis (0.86±0.30), and judo (0.68±0.22) athletes had lower FR values than soccer athletes (1.20±0.21) and volleyball athletes (1.25±0.28). ConclusionsCR for males may be analyzed together, as there were no significant differences between them. However, for females, the CR for softball athletes should be analyzed individually. As there were several differences between the overhead sports according to the FRs, the authors suggest caution in grouping overhead athletes across multiple sports. These

Dinamometría isocinética y antropometría segmentaria como parámetros de lesión de los músculos rotadores de hombro en deportistas (Isokinetic dynamometry and segmental anthropometry as parameters for shoulder rotator Muscles injury in athletes)

“…Resultados similares, reportadas por Johnson et al (2019), mediante una ecuación de estimación generalizada (GEE) y regresiones logísticas simples, demostró que la fuerza del hombro, la fuerza ipsilateral, la asimetría bilateral y/o alteración de la cinemática escapular, no son factores que predisponen a una lesión de hombro (Johnson et al, 2019), incluso un mayor análisis en deportistas con predominio de acciones unilaterales, demuestro que pueden ocurrir adaptaciones antropométricas positivas asociadas al desarrollo de asimetrías bilaterales (Duvenage, 2019). Sin embargo, otros estudios se oponen a lo expresado anteriormente, argumentando que la relación entre la asimetría bilateral y el riesgo de aparición de lesión, puede ser mayor al 15% (Ojeda-Aravena et al, 2021) cuya causalidad se debe al uso y sobreuso de la extremidad dominante, como consecuencia de la demanda muscular única del deporte (Vargas et al, 2021) sumado a los factores como la edad, el género y/o a la poca experiencia del entrenamiento (Olivier & Daussin, 2018). De acuerdo a lo anterior, este estudio observó que las variables antropométricas están en el rango de normalidad, excepto para la MMBN y MMBND, cuyo promedio fue similar para los dos brazos 1,78 kg y 1,76 kg, pero muy por debajo de la normalidad comparado con otros estudios, cuyos valores están entre 2,2 kg y 3,3 kg (Stagi, 2021).…”

“…A pesar de dichos resultados, se obtuvo alta correlación entre las variables de MMBD con MM (r=0,958) y MMBD con MMBND (r=0,963) con una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p<0,001). Por otra parte y en relación a la fuerza toque, numerosos estudios continúan en la búsqueda de establecer, si los desequilibrios musculares pueden estar asociados a las lesiones de hombro (Andrade et al, 2013;Olivier & Daussin, 2018;Vargas et al, 2021). De acuerdo a lo anterior, este estudio observo que el torque a velocidad de 60°/s y 180°/s, fue mayor para los RI comparado con los RE en el BD (RI 60°/s: 36,76 N⋅m y RE 60°/s: 24,43 N⋅m; RI 180°/s: 27,75 N⋅m y RE 180°/s: 17,42 N⋅m) con predominio en los RI a 60°/s.…”

Narsisizm ve Spor

“…İzokinetik kas kuvveti, izokinetik dinamometreler kullanılarak belirlenir (Vargas Motta, Vancini, De Lira ve Andrade, 2021). Bu dinamometreler, iskelet kaslarının gücünü belirleyen ve agonist-antagonist kaslar arasındaki benzerlikleri veya farklılıkları ortaya koyan en objektif ölçme yöntemidir (Hirano ve diğerleri, 2020).…”

Kadınlarda Fiziksel Aktivite ve Spor

“…İzokinetik kas kuvveti, izokinetik dinamometreler kullanılarak belirlenir (Vargas Motta, Vancini, De Lira ve Andrade, 2021). Bu dinamometreler, iskelet kaslarının gücünü belirleyen ve agonist-antagonist kaslar arasındaki benzerlikleri veya farklılıkları ortaya koyan en objektif ölçme yöntemidir (Hirano ve diğerleri, 2020).…”