Should Women Care Less? Intrinsic Motivation and Gender Inequality

Folbre, Nancy

doi:10.1111/bjir.12000

Cited by 122 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 85 publications

(81 reference statements)

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“…An additional argument in the literature is that caring labor is disproportionately concentrated in the public sector (Barron and West, 2013;Folbre 2012), an outcome that we will subsequently document. If the political process produces a relatively low willingness to pay for public services that most involve caring, then low wages can result.…”

mentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Labor market sorting no doubt results in caring persons working disproportionately in jobs with caring tasks. 2 Works include England and Folbre (1999), Folbre and Nelson (2000), England (2005) and Folbre (2006Folbre ( , 2008Folbre ( , 2012 worker, one year apart. The panel analysis identifies differentials for caring work based on wage changes among job switchers who increase or decrease the required levels of caring in their jobs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Who Cares - And Does It Matter? Measuring Wage Penalties for Caring Work

Hirsch

Manzella

2014

SSRN Journal

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte.

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mentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Who Cares - And Does It Matter? Measuring Wage Penalties for Caring Work

Hirsch

Manzella

2014

SSRN Journal

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“…sports or music for migrants, care activities for women) [16]. At the same time, such features are clearly less useful to obtain important educational or societal outcomes [17].…”

Section: Modern Stereotypingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modern discrimination: how perpetrators and targets interactively perpetuate social disadvantage

Ellemers

Barreto

2015

Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences

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(word count: 120)Stereotypes and discriminatory behavior do not necessarily imply that people are explicitly devalued or actively excluded from attractive positions in society. Instead, these often implicitly communicate that any social disadvantages are due to individual shortcomings. Recent research has uncovered a number of mechanisms that explain how individuals may come to enact stereotypical expectations of others. Modern expressions of stereotypes are not easily recognized or perceived as discriminatory. Attempts to distance the self from the disadvantaged group to avoid discrimination are likely to backfire in different ways. Countering common beliefs, people are quite reluctant to confront discrimination or to claim unequal treatment. For all these reasons, modern discrimination tends to induce a cycle of self-fulfilling mechanisms that perpetuate group-based social disadvantage. Modern discrimination 3Highlights: 3-5 bullet points 85 characters per bullet point• Equal opportunity beliefs help maintain group-level outcome differences• Perceiving discrimination is impeded when stereotypes are communicated implicitly• Avoiding discrimination requires people to denounce part of their identity• Confronting discrimination often results in victim blame rather than system change Acknowledgments (funding bodies or individuals):

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“…1 Health, child, and elder care services, along with education, account for a substantial share of paid employment and personal consumption expenditures in the United States (Folbre, 2008). It is widely believed that there exist wage penalties for caring work.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Who Cares – and Does it Matter? Measuring Wage Penalties for Caring Work

Hirsch

Manzella

2015

Research in Labor Economics

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Economists and sociologists have proposed arguments for why there can exist wage penalties for work involving helping and caring for others, penalties borne disproportionately by women. Evidence on wage penalties is neither abundant nor compelling. We examine wage differentials associated with caring jobs using multiple years of Current Population Survey (CPS) earnings files matched to O*NET job descriptors that provide continuous measures of "assisting & caring" and "concern" for others across all occupations. This approach differs from prior studies that assume occupations either do or do not require a high level of caring. Cross-section and longitudinal analyses are used to examine wage differences associated with the level of caring, conditioned on worker, location, and job attributes. Wage level estimates suggest substantive caring penalties, particularly among men. Longitudinal estimates based on wage changes among job switchers indicate smaller wage penalties, our preferred estimate being a 2% wage penalty resulting from a one standard deviation increase in our caring index. We find little difference in caring wage gaps across the earnings distribution. Measuring mean levels of caring across the U.S. labor market over nearly thirty years, we find a steady upward trend, but overall changes are small and there is no evidence of convergence between women and men.

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Should Women Care Less? Intrinsic Motivation and Gender Inequality

Cited by 122 publications

References 85 publications

Who Cares - And Does It Matter? Measuring Wage Penalties for Caring Work

Who Cares - And Does It Matter? Measuring Wage Penalties for Caring Work

Modern discrimination: how perpetrators and targets interactively perpetuate social disadvantage

Who Cares – and Does it Matter? Measuring Wage Penalties for Caring Work

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