Should pathological gambling and obesity be considered addictive disorders? A factor analytic study in a nationally representative sample

Blanco, Carlos; García-Anaya, María; Wall, Melanie M.; Cobos, J.C. Perez de los; Swierad, Ewelina M.; Wang, Shuai; Petry, Nancy M.

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.02.018

Cited by 53 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 78 publications

(96 reference statements)

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“…One motivation for work on the links from mental health and substance use disorders to obesity has been an effort to understand pathways from childhood maltreatment to obesity risk 52 . There is some limited evidence of an association between lifetime mood disorders and obesity 53 , but little evidence for substance use disorder associations with obesity 53,54 . In the current study, in models only adjusting for demographics, childhood MDD and PTSD were risk factors for obesity in women, but this relationship did not remain significant after controlling for other childhood psychosocial challenges.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood psychosocial challenges and risk for obesity in U.S. men and women

Wall

Mason

Li³

et al. 2019

Transl Psychiatry

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Childhood psychosocial challenges (i.e., adversities, mental and substance use disorders, social challenges) may relate to the onset of obesity and extreme obesity. Identifying the types of psychosocial challenges most strongly associated with obesity could advance etiologic understanding and help target prevention efforts. Using a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults (N = 24,350), the present study evaluates relationships between childhood psychosocial challenges and development of obesity and extreme obesity. After mutually controlling, childhood poverty was a risk in men OR = 1.2 (1.0–1.4) and a significantly stronger one in women OR = 1.6 (1.4–1.8); maltreatment increased odds of obesity in both men and women OR = 1.3, 95% CI (1.1–1.4), and specifically increased odds of extreme obesity in women OR = 1.5 (1.3–1.9). Early childrearing (before age 18) was an independent risk factor in both men OR = 1.4 (1.0–1.9) and women OR = 1.3 (1.1–1.5); not finishing high school was the strongest childhood psychosocial challenge risk factor for extreme obesity in both men (OR = 1.6, 1.1–2.2) and women (OR = 2.0, 1.5–2.5). Psychiatric disorders (MDD, anxiety disorder, PTSD) before age 18 were not independently associated with adult obesity in men nor women, but substance use disorders (alcohol or drug) were inversely associated with adult obesity. Individuals who have experienced childhood adversities and social challenges are at increased risk for obesity. Previous findings also indicate that these individuals respond poorly to traditional weight management strategies. It is critical to identify the reasons for these elevated weight problems, and to develop interventions that are appropriately tailored to mitigate the obesity burden faced by this vulnerable population.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood psychosocial challenges and risk for obesity in U.S. men and women

Wall

Mason

Li³

et al. 2019

Transl Psychiatry

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“…The large sample size of the NESARC allows for very precise estimates of those disorders, as indicated by the narrow 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the estimates. In particular, the 12‐month prevalence of PG was 0.16% (95% CI = 0.12–0.20%) .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Towards a comprehensive developmental model of pathological gambling

et al. 2015

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Aims To develop a comprehensive etiological model of pathological gambling (PG) for men and women based on Kendler's development model for major depression, which groups 22 risk factors in 5 developmental tiers (childhood, early adolescence, late adolescence, adulthood, last year). We hypothesized that: 1) All risk factors would be significantly associated with PG; 2) The effect of risk factors in earlier developmental tiers would be accounted for by later tiers; and, 3) There would be few gender differences. Design Separate models were built for lifetime gambling and for 12-month PG among those with lifetime gambling. Setting Data drawn from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) in the USA. Participants Respondents to NESARC Wave 1 (n= 43093). Measurements Odds ratios (OR) and Adjusted OR (AOR) were used to determine the risk factors in multiple models. Findings After mutually adjusting for other risk factors, family history of substance use disorders (SUD) or depression, impulsivity, childhood-onset anxiety, number of Axis I and II disorders, history of SUD, nicotine dependence, social deviance in adulthood, and past-year history of SUD, nicotine dependence, and independent stressful life events predicted lifetime gambling. Past history of PG, number of personality disorders and past year nicotine dependence were significantly associated with 12-month PG (all p<.05). There were no significant gender interactions for 12-month PG. Conclusions A modification of Kendler's model for major depression provides a foundation for the development a comprehensive developmental model of pathological gambling. Lifetime history of gambling and 12-month pathological gambling appear to be determined by risk factors in several developmental levels, with the effect of earlier development tiers accounted for by later ones.

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“…Main symptoms of GD comprise preoccupation with gambling, a need to gamble with increasing amounts of money to achieve the desired level of excitement, unsuccessful efforts to control gambling, withdrawal symptoms when stopping gambling, dysfunctional use of gambling and a neglect of social efforts and integration due to continual gambling. Due to growing evidence for sharing common elements with substance use disorders (Clark 2014;Blanco et al 2015), GD has been now classified under the category of substance-related and addictive disorders in the recently revised DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with gambling disorder

et al. 2016

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a frequent mental disorder with childhood onset and high persistence into adulthood. There is much evidence that ADHD increases the risk for the development of other psychiatric disorders and functional problems in several domains of everyday life. In this study, the association of ADHD with gambling disorder (GD) was investigated. 163 adult subjects suffering from GD were examined for childhood and current ADHD according to DSM-5 as well as co-morbid psychiatric disorders. Moreover, characteristics of gambling behavior have been evaluated. The prevalence of lifetime ADHD was 28.8 %, with 25.2 % of the study population presenting ADHD as a full syndrome according to DSM-5. The prevalence of co-morbid substance use disorders and adjustment disorders and cluster B personality disorders was higher in GD patients with current ADHD than in the group without. Also, an increased rate of suicide attempts was detected in gamblers with ADHD. In contrast with gamblers without ADHD, those with ADHD were reported to spend more time with gambling, a sedative effect of gambling and a faster development of GD. The high prevalence of ADHD in patients with GD indicates that childhood ADHD is a risk factor for the development of GD in later life. Moreover, treatment of patients with GD and ADHD is complicated by a high rate of co-morbid disorders. Regarding therapeutic approaches, it should be considered that functional aspects of gambling differ in GD patients with and without ADHD.

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Should pathological gambling and obesity be considered addictive disorders? A factor analytic study in a nationally representative sample

Cited by 53 publications

References 78 publications

Childhood psychosocial challenges and risk for obesity in U.S. men and women

Childhood psychosocial challenges and risk for obesity in U.S. men and women

Towards a comprehensive developmental model of pathological gambling

Association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with gambling disorder

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