Should older and postmenopausal women have access to assisted reproductive technology?

Goold, Imogen

doi:10.1007/bf03351426

Cited by 9 publications

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“…Most infertile couples in Australia have the direct costs of ART partially covered by the universal public health insurance scheme (Medicare), including significant subsidy of out‐of‐pocket expenses 11 . For single women and lesbian couples, however, public subsidy is not provided for their social infertility 12 . Infertile women and couples may also have private health insurance for ART.…”

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confidence: 99%

Early users of fertility treatment with hormones and IVF: women who live in major cities and have private health insurance

Herbert

Lucke

Dobson

2010

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

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Objective: To identify early users (women aged <34 years) of fertility treatment with hormones and in vitro fertilisation (IVF). Methods: A cross‐sectional survey of infertile women from fertility clinics (n=59) and from the community (Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health participants) who had (n=121) or had not (n=110) used hormones/IVF as treatment for infertility. Associations between socio‐demographic, reproductive and lifestyle factors, medical conditions and recurrent symptoms and using treatment (or not) were analysed using multivariable logistic regression. Results: Among infertile women who had used treatment (community vs clinic), women from clinics had lower odds of living outside major cities, using hormones only, i.e., not IVF, or recurrent headaches/migraines, severe tiredness, or stiff/painful joints; and higher odds of recent diagnoses of urinary tract infection or anxiety disorder. Compared to infertile women who had not used treatment, women from clinics had lower odds of living outside major cities, recurrent allergies or severe tiredness; and higher odds of having private health insurance for hospital or ancillary services, recent diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome or recurrent constipation. Conclusions: Compared to infertile women in the community, living in major cities and having private health insurance are associated with early use of treatment for infertility at specialist clinics by women aged <34 years. Implications: These results provided evidence of inequity of services for infertile women.

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confidence: 99%

Early users of fertility treatment with hormones and IVF: women who live in major cities and have private health insurance

Herbert

Lucke

Dobson

2010

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

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“…Another reason to limit the age of women would be the risk for the child to be orphaned at a young age [59][60][61]. This argument from the debate about postmenopausal motherhood has some merit ( [89], p. 33). However, as Goold puts it: "If we really thought that having one older parent was problematic, ageing men conceiving children with younger women would have received greater censure" ( [89], p. 34).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This argument from the debate about postmenopausal motherhood has some merit ( [89], p. 33). However, as Goold puts it: "If we really thought that having one older parent was problematic, ageing men conceiving children with younger women would have received greater censure" ( [89], p. 34). Age limits for the reproduction of either men or women should comply with the requirements of justice and reproductive equality.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Should Postponing Motherhood via “Social Freezing” Be Legally Banned? An Ethical Analysis

Bernstein

Wiesemann

2014

Laws

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Abstract:In industrial societies, women increasingly postpone motherhood. While men do not fear a loss of fertility with age, women face the biological boundary of menopause. The freezing of unfertilized eggs can overcome this biological barrier. Due to technical improvements in vitrification, so-called "social freezing" (SF) for healthy women is likely to develop into clinical routine. Controversial ethical debates focus on the risks of the technique for mother and child, the scope of reproductive autonomy, and the medicalization of reproduction. Some criticize the use of the technique in healthy women in general, while others support a legally defined maximum age for women at the time of an embryo transfer after oocyte cryopreservation. Since this represents a serious encroachment on the reproductive autonomy of the affected women, the reasons for and against must be carefully examined. We analyze arguments for and against SF from a gendered ethical perspective. We show that the risk of the cryopreservation of oocytes for mother and future child is minimal and that the autonomy of the women involved is not compromised. The negative ethical evaluation of postponed motherhood is partly due to a biased approach highlighting only the medical risks for the female body without recognizing the potential positive effects for the women involved. In critical accounts, age is associated in an undifferentiated way with morbidity and psychological instability and is thus used in a discriminatory way. We come to the conclusion that age as a predictor of risk in the debate about SF is, from an ethical point of view, an empty concept based on gender stereotypes and discriminatory connotations of aging. A ban on postponing motherhood via SF is not justified. OPEN ACCESSLaws 2014, 3 283

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“…We will discuss the arguments from nature, risks and efficacy concerns, reduced energy of the mother due to age, maternal life expectancy, over-valuing genetic relationships, and the reinforcement of a pro-reproductive culture. (For more detailed discussions of arguments for and against postmenopausal motherhood, see, for example, Fisher andSommerville 1998/2003;Parks 1999;Pennings 2001;Goold 2005;Peterson 2005;Cutas 2007;Smajdor 2011. ) ARGUMENTS FROM NATURE One of the perhaps most intuitive objections to postmenopausal motherhood is that it is "not natural."…”

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Postmenopausal Motherhood Reloaded: Advanced Age and In Vitro Derived Gametes

Cutas¹,

Smajdor²

2015

Hypatia

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In this paper we look at the implications of an emerging technology for the case in favor of, or against, postmenopausal motherhood. Technologies such as in vitro derived gametes (sperm and eggs derived from nonreproductive cells) have the potential to influence the ways in which reproductive medicine is practiced, and are already bringing new dimensions to debates in this area. We explain what in vitro derived gametes are and how their development may impact on the case of postmenopausal motherhood. We briefly review some of the concerns that postmenopausal motherhood has raised—and the implications that the successful development, and use in reproduction, of artificial gametes might have for such concerns. The concerns addressed include arguments from nature, risks and efficacy, reduced energy of the mother, and maternal life expectancy. We also consider whether the use of in vitro derived gametes to facilitate postmenopausal motherhood would contribute to reinforcing a narrow, geneticized account of reproduction and a pro-reproductive culture that encourages women to produce genetically related offspring at all costs.

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Should older and postmenopausal women have access to assisted reproductive technology?

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Early users of fertility treatment with hormones and IVF: women who live in major cities and have private health insurance

Early users of fertility treatment with hormones and IVF: women who live in major cities and have private health insurance

Should Postponing Motherhood via “Social Freezing” Be Legally Banned? An Ethical Analysis

Postmenopausal Motherhood Reloaded: Advanced Age and In Vitro Derived Gametes

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