“…Comparison of morphological, physiological and breeding parameters (mean ± SE) at the end of the experiment between control and CORTimplanted male Adélie penguins, using Student t-tests with any changes in the condition of our study subjects or their chicks (see below). High CORT levels were found to be a major component of the behaviour of reproductive abandonment in Adélie penguins, stimulating them to go to sea to feed when critical body masses were reached during their long incubation fast (Spée et al 2010). The increase in CORT levels experienced by our study subjects might have been perceived as a situation of high energetic constraint, particularly in addition to the fact that the chick-rearing period is already energetically demanding for the parent that must fulfill its own energy requirements as well as those of the chicks.…”
Section: Corticosterone and Diving Behaviourmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is expected that increasing CORT levels during the breeding period should allow seabirds to cope with any additional energy requirements im posed by repro duction (Romero 2002), especially through an increase in the effort devoted to foraging. However, despite this positive effect on energy mobilisation during challenging periods, elevated CORT levels are also known to disrupt and/or interrupt parental behaviour since they can cause the complete abandonment of reproduction in seabirds (Silverin 1986, Wingfield & Sapolsky 2003, Groscolas et al 2008, Spée et al 2010. The effects of corticosterone depend largely on its concentration in the blood (basal, modulated or stress levels) as well as the life history stage of the individual (Bonier et al 2009, Busch & Hayward 2009).…”
Hormones link environmental stimuli to the behavioural and/or physiological responses of organisms. The release of corticosterone has major effects on both energy mobilization and its allocation among the various requirements of an individual, especially regarding survival and reproduction. We therefore examined the effects of experimentally elevated baseline corticosterone levels on the foraging behaviour of Adélie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae during chickrearing. We monitored the at-sea behaviour of corticosterone-implanted and control male birds using time-depth recorders, and monitored the effects of corticosterone treatment on their body conditions as well as their chicks' body masses and survival. Bio-logged data were examined via traditional measures of diving behaviour as well as fractal analysis as an index of behavioural complexity. Corticosterone administration caused a transient decrease in both overall foraging effort (i.e. reductions in the duration of at-sea trips, the time spent diving and the number of dives performed) and foraging complexity. In contrast, per-dive performance indices suggested an increase in both efficiency and prey pursuit rates. Ultimately, however, we observed no short-term effects of treatment on adult body condition and chick body mass and survival. We conclude that under higher corticosterone levels, sequences of behaviour may become more structured and periodic, as observed in treated birds. The increased energy allocation to dive-scale behaviours observed in treated birds might then reflect an adjustment to intrinsic constraints allowing reductions in energy expenditure at the trip-scale. This study highlights the utility of using both traditional and fractal analyses to better understand scale-dependent responses of animals to energetic and various other environmental challenges.
“…Comparison of morphological, physiological and breeding parameters (mean ± SE) at the end of the experiment between control and CORTimplanted male Adélie penguins, using Student t-tests with any changes in the condition of our study subjects or their chicks (see below). High CORT levels were found to be a major component of the behaviour of reproductive abandonment in Adélie penguins, stimulating them to go to sea to feed when critical body masses were reached during their long incubation fast (Spée et al 2010). The increase in CORT levels experienced by our study subjects might have been perceived as a situation of high energetic constraint, particularly in addition to the fact that the chick-rearing period is already energetically demanding for the parent that must fulfill its own energy requirements as well as those of the chicks.…”
Section: Corticosterone and Diving Behaviourmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is expected that increasing CORT levels during the breeding period should allow seabirds to cope with any additional energy requirements im posed by repro duction (Romero 2002), especially through an increase in the effort devoted to foraging. However, despite this positive effect on energy mobilisation during challenging periods, elevated CORT levels are also known to disrupt and/or interrupt parental behaviour since they can cause the complete abandonment of reproduction in seabirds (Silverin 1986, Wingfield & Sapolsky 2003, Groscolas et al 2008, Spée et al 2010. The effects of corticosterone depend largely on its concentration in the blood (basal, modulated or stress levels) as well as the life history stage of the individual (Bonier et al 2009, Busch & Hayward 2009).…”
Hormones link environmental stimuli to the behavioural and/or physiological responses of organisms. The release of corticosterone has major effects on both energy mobilization and its allocation among the various requirements of an individual, especially regarding survival and reproduction. We therefore examined the effects of experimentally elevated baseline corticosterone levels on the foraging behaviour of Adélie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae during chickrearing. We monitored the at-sea behaviour of corticosterone-implanted and control male birds using time-depth recorders, and monitored the effects of corticosterone treatment on their body conditions as well as their chicks' body masses and survival. Bio-logged data were examined via traditional measures of diving behaviour as well as fractal analysis as an index of behavioural complexity. Corticosterone administration caused a transient decrease in both overall foraging effort (i.e. reductions in the duration of at-sea trips, the time spent diving and the number of dives performed) and foraging complexity. In contrast, per-dive performance indices suggested an increase in both efficiency and prey pursuit rates. Ultimately, however, we observed no short-term effects of treatment on adult body condition and chick body mass and survival. We conclude that under higher corticosterone levels, sequences of behaviour may become more structured and periodic, as observed in treated birds. The increased energy allocation to dive-scale behaviours observed in treated birds might then reflect an adjustment to intrinsic constraints allowing reductions in energy expenditure at the trip-scale. This study highlights the utility of using both traditional and fractal analyses to better understand scale-dependent responses of animals to energetic and various other environmental challenges.
“…In addition to correlational evidence, there was causal evidence suggesting that slight increases in GCs elevate parental care. An exception to the overall trend occurs in the probability to abandon nests containing offspring in birds, which appears to be increased by even slight increases in GCs within the baseline range (Silverin, 1986; Groscolas & Robin, 2001; Love, Breuner, Vezina, & Williams, 2004; Groscolas, Lacroix, & Robin, 2008; Spée et al., 2010, 2011; Ouyang et al., 2012; Strasser & Heath, 2013; but see Criscuolo et al., 2005), perhaps because chronic elevations in baseline GCs might trigger individuals to switch to an emergency life‐history stage (Wingfield et al., 1998). …”
Section: Evidence That Variation In Stress Physiology Is Associated Wmentioning
The causes and consequences of individual differences in animal behavior and stress physiology are increasingly studied in wild animals, yet the possibility that stress physiology underlies individual variation in social behavior has received less attention. In this review, we bring together these study areas and focus on understanding how the activity of the vertebrate neuroendocrine stress axis (HPA‐axis) may underlie individual differences in social behavior in wild animals. We first describe a continuum of vertebrate social behaviors spanning from initial social tendencies (proactive behavior) to social behavior occurring in reproductive contexts (parental care, sexual pair‐bonding) and lastly to social behavior occurring in nonreproductive contexts (nonsexual bonding, group‐level cooperation). We then perform a qualitative review of existing literature to address the correlative and causal association between measures of HPA‐axis activity (glucocorticoid levels or GCs) and each of these types of social behavior. As expected, elevated HPA‐axis activity can inhibit social behavior associated with initial social tendencies (approaching conspecifics) and reproduction. However, elevated HPA‐axis activity may also enhance more elaborate social behavior outside of reproductive contexts, such as alloparental care behavior. In addition, the effect of GCs on social behavior can depend upon the sociality of the stressor (cause of increase in GCs) and the severity of stress (extent of increase in GCs). Our review shows that the while the associations between stress responses and sociality are diverse, the role of HPA‐axis activity behind social behavior may shift toward more facilitating and less inhibiting in more social species, providing insight into how stress physiology and social systems may co‐evolve.
“…Treatment with glucocorticoids decreases prolactin levels in the blood of birds and rodents . High fat reserves maintain glucocorticod secretion at low rates and hence prolactin-controlled behaviour may continue (Wingfield and Sapolsky 2003;Angelier and Chastel 2009;Spée et al 2010). As in the case of vitellogenin and JH, these studies suggest that several hormones are simultaneously engaged in linking resource availability and parental care.…”
“…In addition to environmental (including social) stimuli, glucocorticoid secretion is triggered when lipid stores are exhausted and proteins from muscles and other tissues are catabolised to produce energy (e.g. Spée et al 2010). In those circumstances, glucocorticoids stimulate glucogenesis and accelerate protein breakdown, thus optimizing energy production (Challet et al 1995) but also leading to clutch or brood desertion (Spée et al 2010;Wingfield and Sapolsky 2003).…”
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