“…Nonsource items, including letters, news, abstracts, book reviews, and editorials, are not typically included in the denominator, but if they contain citations, they may be included in the numerator, thus increasing the IF [23,42,47,52]. Increasing the nonsource items, such as by encouraging letters to the editor containing self-citations of the articles being discussed, reference to previous editorials, or running large correspondence sections, is an easy way to increase the IF by increasing self-citation without increasing the source items [11,27,33,35,42,47,51].…”