Should acid ammonium oxalate replace hydroxylammonium chloride in step 2 of the revised BCR sequential extraction protocol for soil and sediment?

Davidson, Christine M.; Hursthouse, Andrew; Tognarelli, Donna M; Ure, A.M.; Urquhart, Graham J.

doi:10.1016/j.aca.2003.11.076

Cited by 43 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Selection of the most appropriate sequential extraction protocol for use in a particular study must always be carried out on the basis of ''fitness for purpose'' criterion. However, the revised BCR protocol, involving use of 0.5 mol/l NH 2 OHÁHCl in the reducible step, appears to be more generally applicable than procedures involving acid ammonium oxalate (Davidson et al 2004). A 1 g sample, taken from the prepared samples, was moved to a centrifuging tube, and each extraction reagent was added, respectively, in the following process:…”

Section: Sequential Extraction Of Chemical Speciationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The prepared samples were analyzed for the chemical speciation of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn using a BCR (European Community Bureau of Reference) modified sequential (Ure et al 1993;Rauret et al 1999;Davidson et al 2004;Wang et al 2005). Selection of the most appropriate sequential extraction protocol for use in a particular study must always be carried out on the basis of ''fitness for purpose'' criterion.…”

Section: Sequential Extraction Of Chemical Speciationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characteristics of distribution and chemical speciation of heavy metals in environmental mediums around Jinchang mining city, Northwest China

Tang

Chu

et al. 2010

Environ Earth Sci

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Heavy metal contamination was the main environmental problem around the Jinchang Ni-Cu mine area of Gansu, Northwest China. The concentration of heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in various environmental mediums around the Jinchang Ni-Cu mine area were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The different chemical speciation of heavy metals was extracted using BCR (European Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction procedure, and the concentration of chemical speciation of each heavy metal was measured by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. The results showed that Cu and Ni were the most important heavy metal pollutants in various mediums including cultivated soils, dust on slagheap surfaces, tailings, and sediments in waste water drains. In the tailings and sediments, the concentrations of Ni were obviously higher than those of Cu, whereas, in the soil and dust, the concentrations of Cu were higher than those of Ni. Analysis of chemical speciation indicated that Cr and Zn were mainly in residual fraction; Cu was mainly in oxidizable fraction; Ni was mainly in reducible fraction and acid soluble fraction; and Pb was mainly in reducible fraction and residual fraction. The extent of contamination of various environmental mediums was different because the heavy metals were derived from different sources. Furthermore, the mobility of various heavy metals was different because of the different distribution of chemical speciation.

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Section: Sequential Extraction Of Chemical Speciationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sequential Extraction Of Chemical Speciationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of distribution and chemical speciation of heavy metals in environmental mediums around Jinchang mining city, Northwest China

Tang

Chu

et al. 2010

Environ Earth Sci

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“…This indicates that the 0.5 mol L À1 NH 2 OH-HCl (pH 1.5) method which was adopted to extract heavy metals in the reducible fraction of mBCR method is currently the most important extraction method for heavy metals from Mn and Fe oxides in soils. This extraction procedure targets metals occluded in Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides, and the amount of Fe extracted is less than the amount of oxalate-extractable Fe (Davidson et al 2004); however, the results vary greatly among samples. Adoption of the standardized mBCR method for fractionation of heavy metals might be desirable to increase the comparability of data among studies.…”

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confidence: 99%

Extractability of manganese and iron oxides in typical Japanese soils by 0.5 mol L⁻¹hydroxylamine hydrochloride (pH 1.5)

Suda

Makino

Higashi

2012

Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

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We investigated the extractability of manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) oxides from typical Japanese soils (Entisols, Inceptisols, and Andisols) by 0.5 mol L À1 hydroxylamine hydrochloride (NH 2 OH-HCl) extraction (pH 1.5; 16 h shaking at 25 C; soil:solution ratio 1:40), referred as to HH mBCR , which is Step 2 (used for the reducible fraction) of the modified BCR (Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction procedure. The HH mBCR procedure extracted almost all Mn oxides from the non-Andisol samples, but failed to extract a part of the Mn oxides from some Andisol samples. The procedure extracted most short-range ordered Fe oxides from non-Andisol samples, but it extracted only 7.5% and 13% of the short-range ordered Fe oxides from allophanic and non-allophanic Andisol samples, respectively. This remarkably low extractability of Fe oxides suggests that the HH mBCR method is not suitable for extracting oxide-occluded heavy metals from Andisols. Since the extraction rate of short-range ordered Fe oxides from various soils with the extractant was negatively correlated with the amounts of oxalate-and pyrophosphate-extractable Al even when the variability of the extraction pH was reduced by increasing the soil:solution ratio from 1:40 to 1:500, the extractability of Fe oxides would be negatively affected by the presence of active Al, including allophane/ imogolite, amorphous Al, and Al-humus complexes. Because these Al constituents are abundant in Andisols, they would be at least partially responsible for the lower extractability of Fe oxides by HH mBCR from Andisols.

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“…Positive loading between Ca3, Cr3, and Pb3 can be explained by the fact that these metals could have made sparingly soluble oxalate complexes (Walsh and O'Halloran 1996;Gleyzes et al 2002;Davidson et al 2004;Doelsch et al 2008).…”

Section: Metal Fractionationmentioning

confidence: 97%

Fractionation and potential mobility of trace metals in Danube alluvial aquifer within an industrialized zone

Relić

Đorđević²,

Popović

et al. 2009

Environ Monit Assess

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Thirty-five alluvial sediments of the River Danube and 12 groundwater samples were taken within the Pančevo Oil Refinery (Serbia). The results for groundwater samples exceed European primary drinking water standards for Fe (obtained results, >200 μg/l) and Mn (obtained results, >50 μg/l), while the levels of the trace metals are below the thresholds for drinking water quality. Sediments were treated by sequential extraction procedure with five different solutions, each having a higher extraction capacity than the previous one. We also wanted to determine the possible relationships among trace metals and between sediment properties and elemental concentrations. These solutions partitioned metals into CH(3)COONH(4) extractable (F1); HCl carbonate extractable and NH(2)OH·HCl easily reducible (F2); (NH(4))(2)C(2)O(4)/H(2)C(2)O(4) moderately reducible (F3); H(2)O(2)-HNO(3) organic/sulfide extractable fractions (F4); and HCl acid-soluble residue (F5). The sum of trace metals Ni, Pb, Cu, and Zn associated with the first two fractions (exchangeable, carbonate, and easily reducible) is significant and extremely important because it represents the proportion of heavy metals that can be easily remobilized by changes in environmental conditions such as pH, redox potential, salinity, etc. Sediments located nearer the groundwater flow are exposed to stronger groundwater fluctuation and had a higher quantity of amorphous and less stable substrates of trace metals. Principal component analysis was used to understand and visualize the associations between the trace metals and certain geological forms within analyzed sediments. The observed association between Cr with total sulfur and Mn from the acid-soluble residue could indicate that Cr is in the form of reduced, less toxic Cr(III), which is from the ecochemical point of view very important.

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Should acid ammonium oxalate replace hydroxylammonium chloride in step 2 of the revised BCR sequential extraction protocol for soil and sediment?

Cited by 43 publications

References 11 publications

Characteristics of distribution and chemical speciation of heavy metals in environmental mediums around Jinchang mining city, Northwest China

Characteristics of distribution and chemical speciation of heavy metals in environmental mediums around Jinchang mining city, Northwest China

Extractability of manganese and iron oxides in typical Japanese soils by 0.5 mol L⁻¹hydroxylamine hydrochloride (pH 1.5)

Fractionation and potential mobility of trace metals in Danube alluvial aquifer within an industrialized zone

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Should acid ammonium oxalate replace hydroxylammonium chloride in step 2 of the revised BCR sequential extraction protocol for soil and sediment?

Cited by 43 publications

References 11 publications

Characteristics of distribution and chemical speciation of heavy metals in environmental mediums around Jinchang mining city, Northwest China

Characteristics of distribution and chemical speciation of heavy metals in environmental mediums around Jinchang mining city, Northwest China

Extractability of manganese and iron oxides in typical Japanese soils by 0.5 mol L−1hydroxylamine hydrochloride (pH 1.5)

Fractionation and potential mobility of trace metals in Danube alluvial aquifer within an industrialized zone

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Extractability of manganese and iron oxides in typical Japanese soils by 0.5 mol L⁻¹hydroxylamine hydrochloride (pH 1.5)