2013
DOI: 10.2147/ott.s50838
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Should a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) agonist or antagonist be designed to treat cancer? TLR-4: its expression and effects in the ten most common cancers

Abstract: Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) is well known for its host innate immunity. Despite the fact that TLR-4 activation confers antitumor responses; emerging evidence suggests that TLR-4 is associated with tumor development and progression. It is now clear that overactivation of TLR-4, through various immune mediators, may cause immune response dysfunction, resulting in tumorigenesis. Different cancers could have different extents of TLR-4 involvement during tumorigenesis or tumor progression. In this review, we focus… Show more

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Cited by 65 publications
(57 citation statements)
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“…Recently, enhanced expression of TLRs has been described in a variety of different tumor entities and depending on the cancer type, could be linked to either favorable or poor prognosis [7,8,9,10,11]. TLR3 and -4 were identified as predictors of poor survival in breast cancer, whereas high TLR9 predicted enhanced survival [12,13].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Recently, enhanced expression of TLRs has been described in a variety of different tumor entities and depending on the cancer type, could be linked to either favorable or poor prognosis [7,8,9,10,11]. TLR3 and -4 were identified as predictors of poor survival in breast cancer, whereas high TLR9 predicted enhanced survival [12,13].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…T regulatory cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells mediate local immune inhibitory environment (2,19); which may decrease anti-tumor immunity, or promote cancer cell transformation (4,20). Thus, immune inhibitory cytokines and chemokines and decreased anti-tumor immunities in the local microenvironment may promote PCa cell survival, activation, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis (20). Further studies need to investigate the role of bacterial translocation in altering systemic inflammation, antitumor immunities, and PCa biology.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A better known mechanism of omega-3 fatty acid action applies to their pro-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory activity on tumor cells (e.g., regulation of Bcl-2, Bax and c-Myc, and effects on lipids metabolism) [161163]. Tissue samples derived from patients with head and neck, esophageal, gastric, colorectal, liver, pancreatic, skin, breast, ovarian, cervical, and breast cancer were shown to express increased amounts of TLR4 [164], indicating that modulation of the TLR4 signaling pathway would have a beneficial effect on most common cancers.…”
Section: Innate Antibacterial Signalingmentioning
confidence: 99%