Shortening Effect of Charcoal on the Cultivation Period of Bunashimeji Mushroom (Hypsizygus marmoreus)

Fungal Cellulases

“…V. ventricosa produces large cellulose microfibrils compared to plant cell wall microfibrils), 138 hundreds of nanometers to a few micrometers. 139 Valonia and Cladophora produce celluloses with an exceptionally high degree of crystallinity, approximately 95% from XRD, 140 and for this reason make ideal substrates for cellulase studies. Algal cellulose is indeed complex, perhaps more than plant cellulose, considering that, in each Cladophora microfibril, the two cellulose I polymorphs were suggested to coexist, alternating either longitudinally or laterally.…”

“…Green algae in which crystalline cellulose is the major component of the cell walls include the Cladophorales ( Cladophora, Chaetomorpha, Rhizoclonium, and Microdyction ) and a few members of Siphonocladales ( Valonia, Dictyosphaeria, Siphonocladus, and Boergesenia ). V. ventricosa produces large cellulose microfibrils compared to plant cell wall microfibrils), which have been proposed to be in a 33 × 38 chain configuration with lengths of hundreds of nanometers to a few micrometers and for this reason make ideal substrates for cellulase studies.…”

Looking at hydrogen bonds in cellulose

“…The idea of disordered hydrogen bonding has also been suggested independently by infrared spectroscopy, which, based on temperature-induced spectral changes, suggested that part of O2H was not hydrogen bonded to O6 but was almost free of hydrogen bonding (Maré chal & Chanzy, 2000) This unexpected result of our neutron diffraction studies suggests that our perception of native cellulose as a very simple and regular crystal structure has to be revised. This perception was inspired particularly by the direct imaging of the crystalline lattice of cellulose by electron microscopy (Sugiyama et al, 1984(Sugiyama et al, , 1985 and scanning probe microscopy (Baker et al, 1997), as well as from the extremely sharp X-ray and neutron diffraction peaks obtained to atomic resolution from the highly crystalline samples used here. However, the hydrogen-bonding disorder can be reconciled with a fairly well ordered structure for C and O atoms in the chain backbone.…”