Shortened Version of the Token Test: Normative data for Spanish-speaking pediatric population

Abstract

Abstract. OBJECTIVE:To generate normative data for the Shortened Version of the Token Test in Spanish-speaking pediatric populations. METHOD:The sample consisted of 4,373 healthy children from nine countries in Latin America (Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico) and Spain. Each participant was administered the Shortened Version of the Token Test as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. Shortened Version of the Token Test total scores were normed using multiple linear regressions and standard deviations of residual values. Age, age 2 , sex, and mean level of parental education (MLPE) were included as predictors in the analyses. L. Olabarrieta-Landa et al. / Shortened Version of the Token Test RESULTS:The final multiple linear regression models showed main effects for age in all countries, such that score increased linearly as a function of age. In addition, age 2 had a significant effect in all countries, except Guatemala and Puerto Rico. Models showed that children whose parent(s) had a MLPE >12 years obtained higher score compared to children whose parent(s) had a MLPE ≤12 years in Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, and Spain. The child's sex did not have an effect in the Shortened Version of the Token Test total score for any of the countries. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest Spanish-speaking pediatric normative study in the world, and it will allow neuropsychologists from these countries to have a more accurate interpretation of the Shortened Version of the Token Test when used in pediatric populations.

Validity of the Computerized Battery for Neuropsychological Evaluation of Children (BENCI) in Spanish Children: Preliminary Results

“…TMT has conventionally been used to evaluate attention, processing speed, and visual–motor coordination, and it has been associated with the results of visual–motor and sustained attention tests [ 28 , 29 ]. Although the Token test was initially applied to detect language problems, its scores have been associated with other neuropsychological functions, including memory and attention processes [ 30 ], which may explain the association found between the results for this test and those for sustained attention and visual memory. The association between the Token test findings and those for the verbal comprehension of images reflects similarities between them in the stimuli used and domains investigated (comprehension of complex orders).…”

Pharmacotherapy of Traumatic Childhood Aphasia: Beneficial Effects of Donepezil Alone and Combined With Intensive Naming Therapy

“…† The numbers in each evaluation are the percentiles corresponding to the raw score obtained by subject P. Underlined scores are bellow two SD of the normative mean. Normative data were obtained from: 1 Halperin et al (1989) , 2 Dunn et al (2006) , and 3 Olabarrieta-Landa et al (2017) .…”

Neuropsychological Stimulation Program for Children from Low Socioeconomic Backgrounds: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial

“…To obtain the baseline data of the participants and evaluate their subsequent cognitive and emotional performance after the intervention, we will use a battery of neuropsychological tests to assess the cognitive domains of language [36][37][38]: attention [39], executive functions [40][41][42][43][44], and social cognition [45]. We will also assess their mental health [46,47], emotional management [48], and quality of life [49].…”