Shortage Analysis and Strategies for the Water Resource in Saudi Arabia under the Rapid Development of the Tourism Industry

Abstract

This study evaluates water sustainability in Saudi Arabia amid expanding tourism using a mixed-methods approach. Primary data were collected through surveys targeting 150 stakeholders in water management and tourism, while secondary data were sourced from official reports. Quantitative analysis revealed significant challenges, with an average daily per capita water consumption of 299 liters and severe stress in regions like Riyadh and Jeddah. Groundwater quantity for 2022 was recorded at 1.48 km³, and desalinated water production totaled 1.95 km³, revealing a supply-demand gap of 1.82 km³. The correlation analysis indicated a significant positive relationship (r=0.440) between tourism growth and water demand. Survey results showed 70% of respondents reported no difficulties in accessing clean water during Hajj, while 30% indicated occasional issues. Stakeholders emphasized the need for integrating renewable energy with desalination to reduce operational costs and carbon emissions. The study recommends enhancing Reverse Osmosis (RO) technology with solar energy to improve sustainability and efficiency, aligning with Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030. These findings highlight the necessity for sustainable water management strategies to balance economic growth with resource sustainability, guiding policymakers in developing effective practices for future water security.