Short‐term variation in the isotopic composition of organic matter allocated from the leaves to the stem of <i>Pinus sylvestris</i>: effects of photosynthetic and postphotosynthetic carbon isotope fractionation

Brandes, Elke; Kodama, Nobuhiro; Whittaker, Katherine; Weston, Christopher J.; Rennenberg, Heinz; Keitel, Claudia; Adams, Mark A.; Geßler, Arthur

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01205.x

Cited by 138 publications

(241 citation statements)

References 55 publications

(98 reference statements)

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“…e.g. [72][73][74][75] Seasonal within-tooth variations may also be associated with shifts to different plant sources. Grasses and herbs tend to be slightly depleted in 13 C compared with trees.…”

Section: Carbon Isotope Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Faunal migration in late‐glacial central Italy: implications for human resource exploitation

Pellegrini

Donahue

Chenery³

et al. 2008

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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The hunter-gatherer transhumance model presents foragers as specialised hunters of migratory ungulates, which moved seasonally between coastal lowlands and interior uplands. We studied six animal teeth of horse (Equus hydruntinus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) from four different archaeological sites: the Grotta di Vado all'Arancio, Grotta di Settecannelle, Grotta Polesini and Grotta di Pozzo, in central Italy to test whether the migratory patterns and seasonal variations recorded in their teeth were consistent with expectations of the transhumance model for this region during the late Upper Palaeolithic. Sequential sub-samples of enamel were analysed from each tooth for oxygen, carbon and strontium isotope ratios to reconstruct mobility and yearly seasonal variations. The results show little evidence that these animals were moving over different geological terrains throughout the year, although small variations in Sr isotope ratios and concentrations were detected that corresponded to probable seasonal variations as shown by variability in oxygen isotope sequences. The results do, however, demonstrate that Cervus elaphus and Equus hydruntinus had different ranging behaviours, with the former moving over wider areas than the latter. This methodology produces results appropriate to assess animal migratory behaviour and, in turn, to test the consistency of proposed models of hunter-gatherer subsistence and mobility strategies. Copyright # 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Eurasian hunter-gatherer populations experienced rapid and extreme environmental changes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the early Holocene (ca. 18 000 to 8000 BP). e.g. 1,2 During this period profound socio-economic changes and technological developments took place that culminated with the transition to agriculture. Various models have been applied to explore the relationship between the environment and hunter-gatherer behaviour during the late-glacial in Mediterranean Europe. The hunter-gatherer transhumance model, a variation of the seasonal mobility model originally developed by Higgs, 3,4 presents foragers as specialised hunters of migratory ungulates that moved seasonally between coastal lowlands and interior uplands. In Italy, Barker hypothesised that hunter-gatherers of the late Pleistocene followed seasonally migratory herd species including Cervus elaphus and Equus hydruntinus between the Apennine uplands and the coastal plains. 5,6 These two locations offer seasonally distinct opportunities for grazing species: in winter the mountains are inhospitable and cold while the coastal plains remain grass-covered. In summer, instead, the lowlands are dry with little vegetation and the mountains remain vegetated. These distinctions would have been intensified in the late Pleistocene, and Barker argued that the seasonal climatic variations of this Mediterranean landscape would have suited wild species of grazing herbivores that could migrate between these two regions. 6 Although the hunter-gatherer transhumance model is attractive for various reasons...

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Section: Carbon Isotope Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Faunal migration in late‐glacial central Italy: implications for human resource exploitation

Pellegrini

Donahue

Chenery³

et al. 2008

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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“…In the following synthesis we will explore step by step whether the Cres as compared to δ 13 C in phloem exudate and root water soluble organic matter in Triticum aestivum . Gessler et al (2009b) and Brandes et al (2006) showed that the δ 13 C of water soluble organic matter is a reasonably good proxy for δ 13 C of the neutral sugar fraction and thus the major respiratory substrate.…”

Section: M3: Flux Ratio Driven Variationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diel variations in the carbon isotope composition of respired CO<sub>2</sub> and associated carbon sources: a review of dynamics and mechanisms

Werner

Geßler

2011

Biogeosciences

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Abstract. Recent advances have improved our methodological approaches and theoretical understanding of postphotosynthetic carbon isotope fractionation processes. Nevertheless we still lack a clear picture of the origin of shortterm variability in δ 13 C of respired CO 2 (δ 13 C res ) and organic carbon fractions on a diel basis. Closing this knowledge gap is essential for the application of stable isotope approaches for partitioning ecosystem respiration, tracing carbon flow through plants and ecosystems and disentangling key physiological processes in carbon metabolism of plants. In this review we examine the short-term dynamics in δ 13 C res and putative substrate pools at the plant, soil and ecosystem scales and discuss mechanisms, which might drive diel δ 13 C res dynamics at each scale. Maximum reported variation in diel δ 13 C res is 4.0, 5.4 and 14.8 ‰ in trunks, roots and leaves of different species and 12.5 and 8.1 ‰ at the soil and ecosystem scale in different biomes. Temporal variation in post-photosynthetic isotope fractionation related to changes in carbon allocation to different metabolic pathways is the most plausible mechanistic explanation for observed diel dynamics in δ 13 C res . In addition, mixing of component fluxes with different temporal dynamics and isotopic compositions add to the δ 13 C res variation on the soil and ecosystem level. Understanding short-term variations in δ 13 C res is particularly important for ecosystem studies, since δ 13 C res contains information on the fate of respiratory substrates, and may, therefore, provide a non-intrusive way to identify changes in carbon allocation patterns.

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“…Our understanding of these post-assimilation effects is rapidly progressing; however, it is premature for us to assess their magnitude without detailed isotopic flux and carbohydrate measurements (e.g. Badeck et al 2007;Barbour et al 2007;Brandes et al 2006;Bickford et al 2009). Stem tissues are particularly influenced by such post-photosynthetic metabolic effects, e.g.…”

Section: Patterns With Biomes and Vegetation Typementioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships Between Tree Height and Carbon Isotope Discrimination

et al. 2011

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Understanding how tree size impacts leaf-and crown-level gas exchange is essential to predicting forest yields and carbon and water budgets. The stable carbon isotope ratio (d 13 C) of organic matter has been used to examine the relationship of gas exchange to tree size for a host of species because it carries a temporally integrated signature of foliar photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The carbon isotope composition of leaves reflects discrimination against 13 C relative to 12 C during photosynthesis and is the net result of the balance of change in CO 2 supply and demand at the sites of photosynthesis within the leaf mesophyll. Interpreting the patterns of changes in d 13 C with tree size are not always clear, however, because multiple factors that regulate gas exchange and carbon isotope discrimination (D) co-vary with height, such as solar irradiance and hydraulic conductance. Here we review 36 carbon isotope datasets from 38 tree species and conclude that there is a consistent, linear decline of D with height. The most parsimonious explanation of this result is that gravitational constraints on maximum leaf water potential set an ultimate boundary on the shape and sign of the relationship. These hydraulic constraints are manifest both over the long term through impacts on leaf structure, and over diel periods via impacts on stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and leaf hydraulic conductance. Shading induces a positive offset to the linear decline, consistent with light limitations reducing carbon fixation and increasing partial pressures of CO 2 inside of the leaf, p c at a given height. Biome differences between tropical and temperate forests were more important in predicting D and its relationship to height than wood type associated with being an angiosperm or gymnosperm. It is not yet clear how leaf internal conductance varies with leaf mass area, but some data in particularly tall, temperate conifers suggest that photosynthetic capacity may not vary dramatically with height when compared between tree-tops, while stomatal and leaf internal conductances do decline in unison with height within canopy gradients. It is also clear that light is a critical variable low in the canopy, whereas hydrostatic constraints dominate the relationship between D and height in the upper canopy. The trend of increasing maximum height with decreasing minimum D suggests that trees that become particularly tall may be adapted to tolerate particularly low values of p c .

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Short‐term variation in the isotopic composition of organic matter allocated from the leaves to the stem of Pinus sylvestris: effects of photosynthetic and postphotosynthetic carbon isotope fractionation

Cited by 138 publications

References 55 publications

Faunal migration in late‐glacial central Italy: implications for human resource exploitation

Faunal migration in late‐glacial central Italy: implications for human resource exploitation

Diel variations in the carbon isotope composition of respired CO<sub>2</sub> and associated carbon sources: a review of dynamics and mechanisms

Relationships Between Tree Height and Carbon Isotope Discrimination

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Short‐term variation in the isotopic composition of organic matter allocated from the leaves to the stem of Pinus sylvestris: effects of photosynthetic and postphotosynthetic carbon isotope fractionation

Cited by 138 publications

References 55 publications

Faunal migration in late‐glacial central Italy: implications for human resource exploitation

Faunal migration in late‐glacial central Italy: implications for human resource exploitation

Diel variations in the carbon isotope composition of respired CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and associated carbon sources: a review of dynamics and mechanisms

Relationships Between Tree Height and Carbon Isotope Discrimination

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Diel variations in the carbon isotope composition of respired CO<sub>2</sub> and associated carbon sources: a review of dynamics and mechanisms