Short‐term resource allocation during extensive athletic competition

Longman, Daniel P.; Prall, Sean P.; Shattuck, Eric C; Stephen, Ian D.; Stock, Jay T.; Wells, Jonathan C. K.; Muehlenbein, Michael P.

doi:10.1002/ajhb.23052

Cited by 20 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…Though T may be reduced during coalitional aggression in humans (Flinn, Ponzi, & Muehlenbein, ), and is not involved in territorial defense in some birds (Landys et al, ; Soma, ; van Duyse et al, ), this contrasts with increases in T before and after chimpanzee intergroup competition (Sobolewski et al, ). Rather than mediating or being mediated by territorial aggression, it is more likely that the decrease in T represents an energetic tradeoff, similar to declines in T in response to prolonged exercise, illness, or reduced energy intake (Longman et al, ; Nindl et al, ; Simmons & Roney, ; Trumble et al, ). More speculatively, depressed T could also aid with intragroup bonding following IGEs, as has been proposed for low T levels found during chimpanzee meat sharing (Sobolewski et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…T also associates with competition in females, at least in humans (Jiménez, Aguilar, & Alvero‐Cruz, ). Conversely, because of its costs, T is suppressed during periods of competing energetic demands, such as parental care (Gettler, McDade, Feranil, & Kuzawa, ; Wingfield et al, ), sickness (Simmons & Roney, ), food shortages (Trumble, Brindle, Kupsik, & O'Connor, ), or prolonged, intensive exercise (Longman et al, ; Nindl et al, ). Both C and T can be assayed from non‐invasively collected urine samples in wild primates (Anestis, ; Behringer & Deschner, ; Higham, ; Whitten, Brockman, & Stavisky, ; Ziegler & Crockford, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Group‐level competition influences urinary steroid hormones among wild red–tailed monkeys, indicating energetic costs

Jaeggi

Trumble

Brown

2018

American J Primatol

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Various theories emphasize that intergroup competition should affect intragroup cooperation and social relationships, especially if the cost of intergroup competition outweighs that of intragroup competition. This cost of intergroup competition may be quantified by changes in physiological status, such as in the steroid hormones cortisol (C) and testosterone (T), which rise or are depressed during periods of energetic stress, respectively. Here we tested for changes in urinary C and T after intergroup encounters (IGEs) among wild red-tailed monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius), a species that experiences frequent intergroup feeding competition, at the Ngogo station in Kibale National Park, Uganda. We assayed 108 urine samples, of which 36 were collected after IGEs, from 23 individuals in four social groups. Bayesian multilevel models controlling for various confounds revealed that IGEs increased C and decreased T relative to baseline, consistent with an energetic cost to IGEs. The C change was more apparent in samples collected early after IGEs, suggesting an anticipatory increase, whereas the T change was stronger in later samples, suggesting sustained energetic trade-offs. Hormone responses were not affected by the IGE outcome. This cost to intergroup competition, together with little evidence for intragroup competition in redtails and other guenons, establishes an interesting test case for theories emphasizing the effect of intergroup competition on intragroup cooperation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Group‐level competition influences urinary steroid hormones among wild red–tailed monkeys, indicating energetic costs

Jaeggi

Trumble

Brown

2018

American J Primatol

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“…During an ultra-marathon, some characteristic changes in specific hormones are evident (Pestell et al, 1989 ; Fournier et al, 1997 ), with the hypothalamic pituitary axis usually changing (Wittert et al, 1996 ; Table 9 ). An ultra-marathon leads to an increase in cortisol (Fournier et al, 1997 ), catecholamines (Pestell et al, 1993 ), and growth hormone (McKechnie et al, 1982 ) as well as a drop in testosterone (Fournier et al, 1997 ) where the decrease in testosterone is related with a decrease in libido (Longman et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Hormonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiology and Pathophysiology in Ultra-Marathon Running

Knechtle

Nikolaidis²

2018

Front. Physiol.

218

235

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In this overview, we summarize the findings of the literature with regards to physiology and pathophysiology of ultra-marathon running. The number of ultra-marathon races and the number of official finishers considerably increased in the last decades especially due to the increased number of female and age-group runners. A typical ultra-marathoner is male, married, well-educated, and ~45 years old. Female ultra-marathoners account for ~20% of the total number of finishers. Ultra-marathoners are older and have a larger weekly training volume, but run more slowly during training compared to marathoners. Previous experience (e.g., number of finishes in ultra-marathon races and personal best marathon time) is the most important predictor variable for a successful ultra-marathon performance followed by specific anthropometric (e.g., low body mass index, BMI, and low body fat) and training (e.g., high volume and running speed during training) characteristics. Women are slower than men, but the sex difference in performance decreased in recent years to ~10–20% depending upon the length of the ultra-marathon. The fastest ultra-marathon race times are generally achieved at the age of 35–45 years or older for both women and men, and the age of peak performance increases with increasing race distance or duration. An ultra-marathon leads to an energy deficit resulting in a reduction of both body fat and skeletal muscle mass. An ultra-marathon in combination with other risk factors, such as extreme weather conditions (either heat or cold) or the country where the race is held, can lead to exercise-associated hyponatremia. An ultra-marathon can also lead to changes in biomarkers indicating a pathological process in specific organs or organ systems such as skeletal muscles, heart, liver, kidney, immune and endocrine system. These changes are usually temporary, depending on intensity and duration of the performance, and usually normalize after the race. In longer ultra-marathons, ~50–60% of the participants experience musculoskeletal problems. The most common injuries in ultra-marathoners involve the lower limb, such as the ankle and the knee. An ultra-marathon can lead to an increase in creatine-kinase to values of 100,000–200,000 U/l depending upon the fitness level of the athlete and the length of the race. Furthermore, an ultra-marathon can lead to changes in the heart as shown by changes in cardiac biomarkers, electro- and echocardiography. Ultra-marathoners often suffer from digestive problems and gastrointestinal bleeding after an ultra-marathon is not uncommon. Liver enzymes can also considerably increase during an ultra-marathon. An ultra-marathon often leads to a temporary reduction in renal function. Ultra-marathoners often suffer from upper respiratory infections after an ultra-marathon. Considering the increased number of participants in ultra-marathons, the findings of the present review would have practical applications for a large number of sports scientists and sports medicine practitioners working in this field.

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“…Priority is given to biological functions offering the greatest immediate survival value. The constrained total energy expenditure model does not explain this process, and this insight underpins the work of Longman, Stock, and Wells, whose research seeks to determine the hierarchy of functional preservation under conditions of energetic stress (Longman, Prall, et al ), as discussed in more detail later in this review.…”

Section: Evolved Constraints Of Energy Expenditurementioning

confidence: 99%

Human athletic paleobiology; using sport as a model to investigate human evolutionary adaptation

Longman

Wells²,

Stock

2020

American J Phys Anthropol

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The use of sport as a conceptual framework offers unprecedented opportunities to improve our understanding of what the body does, shedding new light on our evolutionary trajectory, our capacity for adaptation, and the underlying biological mechanisms. This approach has gained traction over recent years. To date, sport has facilitated exploration not only of the evolutionary history of our species as a whole, but also of human variation and adaptation at the interindividual and intraindividual levels. At the species level, analysis of lower and upper limb biomechanics and energetics with respect to walking, running and throwing have led to significant advances in the understanding of human adaptations relative to other hominins. From an interindividual perspective, investigation of physical activity patterns and endurance running performance is affording greater understanding of evolved constraints of energy expenditure, thermoregulatory energetics, signaling theory, and morphological variation. Furthermore, ultra-endurance challenges provoke functional trade-offs, allowing new ground to be broken in the study of life history trade-offs and human adaptability. Human athletic paleobiology-the recruitment of athletes as study participants and the use of contemporary sports as a model for studying evolutionary theory-has great potential. Here, we draw from examples in the literature to provide a review of how the use of athletes as a model system is enhancing understanding of human evolutionary adaptation. K E Y W O R D S adaptation, human athletic paleobiology, human evolution, plasticity, sport 1 | INTRODUCTION The fossil record provides evidence about the form and physical characteristics of the human or hominin body, and their changes over time. However, a central challenge of hominin paleobiology is the interpretation of the body's function from its form; how do we walk, run, use tools, and move within the landscape, and how did these functions themselves evolve? Stemming from this, what is the nature of the physiological mechanisms that underpin observed variation in form and function? The use of sport as a conceptual framework offers unprecedented opportunities to improve our understanding of what the body does, shedding new light on our evolutionary trajectory, our capacity for adaptation, and the underlying biological mechanisms.There has been increasing interest in the model system provided by athletes to enhance our understanding of human evolutionary theory. To date, studies of athletes have facilitated exploration of three key levels of variation and adaptation within the field of human evolution ( Figure 1).

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Short‐term resource allocation during extensive athletic competition

Cited by 20 publications

References 100 publications

Group‐level competition influences urinary steroid hormones among wild red–tailed monkeys, indicating energetic costs

Group‐level competition influences urinary steroid hormones among wild red–tailed monkeys, indicating energetic costs

Physiology and Pathophysiology in Ultra-Marathon Running

Human athletic paleobiology; using sport as a model to investigate human evolutionary adaptation

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