Short-term occupational exposure limits: a simplified approach

Zielhuis, R. L.; Noordam, P.C.; Roelfzema, H.; Wibowo, A. A. E.

doi:10.1007/bf00381020

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The STEL is used to augment the PEL when the latter is not sufficiently protective against the toxic effects caused by benzene. Although OSHA has not always provided a clear rationale for setting them, STELs generally are used to prevent acute effects associated with peak exposures, even when the 8 hr TWA concentration is below the PEL (paxman and Rappaport, 1990 ;Zielhuis et al, 1988). The relationship of the intensity of exposure at a given TWA to chronic health effects, such as leukemia, has not been adequately investigated.…”

Section: Implications For Health Effects and Exposure Control Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

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An analysis of exposure rate effects for benzene using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model

Bois

Paxman

1992

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

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Section: Implications For Health Effects and Exposure Control Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The STEL, on the other hand, is directed at transient or "peak" exposures averaged over 15-minute periods. The STEL is used to augment the PEL in situations where control of the shift-long exposures does not provide sufficient protection from the toxic effects elicited by the compound (paxman and Rappaport, 1990;Zielhuis et al, 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An analysis of exposure rate effects for benzene using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model

Bois

Paxman

1992

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

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“…Henschler [1984] described a rather rigid approach: five categories of agents; fixed numbers for the excursion factor, duration of intervals, frequency and duration of sampling. Recently a more simplified approach has been proposed by Zielhuis et al [1988]: Three groups of agents, per group ranges of an excursion factor and of durations of sampling; systemic agents with a biological half life of >20 h, and those with a weak toxic potential do not usually need a STEL unless the toxicology database suggests otherwise. It is surprising that the ADIs do not have any regulated limitation for the maximal acceptable dose per day.…”

Section: Exposure and Dosementioning

confidence: 99%

Standard setting in occupational health: “Philosophical” issues

Zielhuis

Wibowo

1989

American J Industrial Med

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This paper discusses various "philosophical" issues in standard setting in occupational and environmental health, i.e., general principles, actual procedures for standard setting, inter- and intra-agency discrepancies in procedures and criteria, and choices and decisions in the preparation of criteria documents and in the evaluation of the toxicology databases. Unpublished, possibly confidential information should be made available to expert committees, workers, and the general public. There is an urgent need to improve the validity of the toxicology databases that have to underpin occupational and environmental exposure limits. Standard setting requires various ethically loaded choices and decisions by experts, employees, managers, government officials, and politicians.

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Interpreting Levels of Exposures To Chemical Agents

Rappaport¹

2001

Patty's Industrial Hygiene

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The past half‐century has witnessed great advances in the characterization of exposures to toxic chemicals in the workplace. With the development of robust personal monitors, it is now a relatively simple matter to measure the daily air levels among various workers in an observational group (a group of workers sharing observable factors such as job, location, department, etc.). Unfortunately, the interpretation of levels of exposure has not achieved the same degree of sophistication. In fact, decisions still tend to rely upon one‐to‐one comparisons of the highest measured air concentration with occupational exposure limits (OELs), much as they did 50 years ago (see, for example, Refs. 10–14). If the highest air concentration is less than the OEL, then exposure is acceptable (in compliance) and vice versa. While such interpretations would be reasonable if occupational exposures were relatively constant, they seem remarkably naïve when considered in light of daily exposure levels which vary between 10 and 4000 fold. Because exposures must be evaluated in the face of great variability within and between workers in observational groups, statistical methods are central to proper assessment procedures. Likewise, since monitoring is motivated by, and must ultimately relate to, exposure limits, the impact of exposure variability on the interpretation of OELs is important. The purpose of this chapter is to integrate statistical methods and the philosophical bases for exposure limits within a conceptual framework for interpreting exposure data. The methods will be illustrated with the four sets of exposure data depicted in graphical form. The sources and characteristics of these measurements are summarized and all data are listed in Appendix A for those who wish to work through the various examples in the text.

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Short-term occupational exposure limits: a simplified approach

Cited by 4 publications

References 10 publications

An analysis of exposure rate effects for benzene using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model

An analysis of exposure rate effects for benzene using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model

Standard setting in occupational health: “Philosophical” issues

Interpreting Levels of Exposures To Chemical Agents

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