“…On the one hand, it is since these classes of problems have a broad applications in multistage shipping, path planning, finance, and portfolio optimization, among others. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. On the other hand, it is because these classes of problems exist as important theoretical complexities and computational difficulties, that is to say, they are known to generally possess multiple local optimal solutions, which are not optimal solutions.…”