Abstract:Rationale: Short-term exposure to ambient air pollution has been associated with lower lung function. Few studies have examined whether these associations are detectable at relatively low levels of pollution within current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards. Objectives: To examine exposure to ambient air pollutants within EPA standards and lung function in a large cohort study. Methods: We included 3,262 participants of the Framingham Offspring and Third Generation cohorts living within 40 km… Show more
“…Numerous reports have also found that shortterm (1-3 days) increases in PM 2.5 are associated with decreases in lung function in healthy subjects and in those with preexisting pulmonary diseases such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (Cakmak et al, 2011;Rice et al, 2013).…”
“…Numerous reports have also found that shortterm (1-3 days) increases in PM 2.5 are associated with decreases in lung function in healthy subjects and in those with preexisting pulmonary diseases such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (Cakmak et al, 2011;Rice et al, 2013).…”
“…Air quality has been, for many years, a focus of attention because of its harmful effects on human health and the environment (e.g., Curtis et al, 2006;Sanderson et al, 2006;Rice et al, 2013). New estimates released by World Health Organization (WHO) report that in 2012 around 7 million people died e one in eight of total global deaths e as a result of air pollution exposure, including almost 600,000 in the WHO European Region.…”
“…Framingham Heart Study, we recently found that short-term increases in exposure to fine particulate matter less than 2.5 mm in aerodynamic diameter (PM 2.5 ), ozone, and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) at concentrations below the Environmental Protection Agency National Air Quality Standards were associated with a lower FEV 1 and FVC in nonsmoking adults (6). It remains unclear whether long-term exposure to traffic emissions and fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) at relatively low levels in the United States affects lung function in healthy adults.…”
Rationale: Few studies have examined associations between longterm exposure to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and lung function decline in adults.Objectives: To determine if exposure to traffic and PM 2.5 is associated with longitudinal changes in lung function in a population-based cohort in the Northeastern United States, where pollution levels are relatively low.Methods: FEV 1 and FVC were measured up to two times between 1995 and 2011 among 6,339 participants of the Framingham Offspring or Third Generation studies. We tested associations between residential proximity to a major roadway and PM 2.5 exposure in 2001 (estimated by a land-use model using satellite measurements of aerosol optical thickness) and lung function. We examined differences in average lung function using mixed-effects models and differences in lung function decline using linear regression models. Current smokers were excluded. Models were adjusted for age, sex, height, weight, pack-years, socioeconomic status indicators, cohort, time, season, and weather.Measurements and Main Results: Living less than 100 m from a major roadway was associated with a 23.2 ml (95% confidence interval [CI], 244.4 to 21.9) lower FEV 1 and a 5.0 ml/yr (95% CI, 29.0 to 20.9) faster decline in FEV 1 compared with more than 400 m. Each 2 mg/m 3 increase in average of PM 2.5 was associated with a 13.5 ml (95% CI, 226.6 to 20.3) lower FEV 1 and a 2.1 ml/yr (95% CI, 24.1 to 20.2) faster decline in FEV 1 . There were similar associations with FVC. Associations with FEV 1 /FVC ratio were weak or absent.Conclusions: Long-term exposure to traffic and PM 2.5 , at relatively low levels, was associated with lower FEV 1 and FVC and an accelerated rate of lung function decline.
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