Short‐term direct contact with soil and plant materials leads to an immediate increase in diversity of skin microbiota

Grönroos, Mira; Hui, Nan; Laitinen, Olli H.; Roslund, Marja I.; Vari, Heli K.; Hyöty, Heikki; Puhakka, Riikka; Sinkkonen, Aki

doi:10.1002/mbo3.645

Cited by 74 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 69 publications

(99 reference statements)

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“…The samples were anonymised and used in the development of antibody tests. Control serum samples included laboratory personnel and the participants of the Autoimmune defence and living environment-study (ADELE) [18] and negative control samples from 6-month old children who were participating in the Diabetes prediction and prevention-study (DIPP) [19]. All participants or their legal guardians gave informed consent.…”

Section: Human Samples Ethics Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibody Responses against Enterovirus Proteases are Potential Markers for an Acute Infection

Saarinen

Stone

Hankaniemi

et al. 2020

Viruses

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Background: Enteroviruses are a group of common non-enveloped RNA viruses that cause symptoms ranging from mild respiratory infections to paralysis. Due to the abundance of enterovirus infections it is hard to distinguish between on-going and previous infections using immunological assays unless the IgM fraction is studied. Methods: In this study we show using Indirect ELISA and capture IgM ELISA that an IgG antibody response against the nonstructural enteroviral proteins 2A and 3C can be used to distinguish between IgM positive (n = 22) and IgM negative (n = 20) human patients with 83% accuracy and a diagnostic odds ratio of 30. Using a mouse model, we establish that the antibody response to the proteases is short-lived compared to the antibody response to the structural proteins in. As such, the protease antibody response serves as a potential marker for an acute infection. Conclusions: Antibody responses against enterovirus proteases are shorter-lived than against structural proteins and can differentiate between IgM positive and negative patients, and therefore they are a potential marker for acute infections.

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Section: Human Samples Ethics Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibody Responses against Enterovirus Proteases are Potential Markers for an Acute Infection

Saarinen

Stone

Hankaniemi

et al. 2020

Viruses

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“…The emerging research on soil-based interventions (e.g., handling a mossy soil-plant composition) demonstrates that ecological considerations are not confined to capsules. Indeed, daily contact with external microbiomes may influence internal ecosystems [118,119]. This suggests another pathway (beyond what is described as social and psychological) by which personal, school, and community gardening provide their health benefits [120,121].…”

Section: Practical Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Ecology—Transforming 21st-Century Medicine with Planetary Health in Mind

Nelson¹,

Prescott

Logan³

et al. 2019

Challenges

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Four decades ago, several health movements were sprouting in isolation. In 1980, the environmental group Friends of the Earth expanded the World Health Organization definition of health, reminding citizenry that, “health is a state of complete physical, mental, social and ecological well-being and not merely the absence of disease—personal health involves planetary health”. At the same time, a small group of medical clinicians were voicing the concept of “clinical ecology”—that is, a perspective that sees illness, especially chronic illness, as a response to the total lived experience and the surroundings in which “exposures” accumulate. In parallel, other groups advanced the concept of holistic medicine. In 1977, the progressive physician-scientist Jonas Salk stated that “we are entering into a new Epoch in which holistic medicine will be the dominant model”. However, only recently have the primary messages of these mostly isolated movements merged into a unified interdisciplinary discourse. The grand, interconnected challenges of our time—an epidemic of non-communicable diseases, global socioeconomic inequalities, biodiversity losses, climate change, disconnect from the natural environment—demands that all of medicine be viewed from an ecological perspective. Aided by advances in ‘omics’ technology, it is increasingly clear that each person maintains complex, biologically-relevant microbial ecosystems, and those ecosystems are, in turn, a product of the lived experiences within larger social, political, and economic ecosystems. Recognizing that 21st-century medicine is, in fact, clinical ecology can help clear an additional path as we attempt to exit the Anthropocene.

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“…Here, we empirically characterized fine-scale dynamics after a whole-community microbial transmission event to human skin, describing the relationship between initial abundance in the donor community and persistence through time. While it has been demonstrated that such contact events lead to an increase in skin microbial diversity (57) , and that the microbiome of the skin is both highly diverse and highly variable across longer time scales (6) , the fine-scale dynamics of microbial transmission through such contact events has not been previously characterized.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moving microbes: the dynamics of transient microbial residence on human skin

Vandegrift

Fahimipour

Muscarella

et al. 2019

Preprint

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The human skin microbiome interacts intimately with human health, yet the drivers of skin microbiome composition and diversity are not well-understood. The composition of the skin microbiome has been characterized as both highly variable and relatively stable, depending on the time scale under consideration, and it is not clear what role contact with environmental sources of microbes plays in this variability. We experimentally mimicked human skin contact with two common environmental sources of microorganisms -soils and plant leaves -and characterized the dynamics of microbial acquisition and persistence on skin on very short time scales. Repeatable changes in skin community composition following encounters with environmental sources were observed, and these trajectories largely depend on donor community biomass distributions. Changes in composition persisted for at least 24 hours and through a soap and water wash following exposures to relatively high biomass soil communities. In contrast, exposures to lower biomass leaf communities were undetectable after a 24 hour period. Absolute abundances of bacterial taxa in source communities predicted transmission probabilities and residence times, independent of phylogenetic considerations. Our results suggest that variability in the composition of the skin microbiome can be driven by transient encounters with common environmental sources, and that these relatively transient effects can persist when the source is of sufficient biomass. ImportanceHumans come into contact with environmental sources of microbes, such as soil or plants, constantly. Those microbial exposures have been linked to health through training and modulation of the immune system.While much is known about the human skin microbiome, the short term dynamics after a contact event, such as touching soil, have not been well characterized. In this study, we examine what happens after such a contact event, describing trends in microbial transmission to and persistence on the skin. Additionally, we use computational sampling model simulations to interrogate null expectations for these kinds of experiments. This work has broad implications for infection control strategies and therapeutic techniques that rely on modification of the microbiome, such as probiotics and faecal transplantation.

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Short‐term direct contact with soil and plant materials leads to an immediate increase in diversity of skin microbiota

Cited by 74 publications

References 69 publications

Antibody Responses against Enterovirus Proteases are Potential Markers for an Acute Infection

Antibody Responses against Enterovirus Proteases are Potential Markers for an Acute Infection

Clinical Ecology—Transforming 21st-Century Medicine with Planetary Health in Mind

Moving microbes: the dynamics of transient microbial residence on human skin

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