Short-Term Consumption of Cuban Policosanol Lowers Aortic and Peripheral Blood Pressure and Ameliorates Serum Lipid Parameters in Healthy Korean Participants: Randomized, Double-Blinded, and Placebo-Controlled Study

Park, Hye-Jeong; Yadav, Dhananjay; Jeong, Da-Jeong; Kim, Suk-Jeong; Bae, Myung‐Ae; Kim, Jae‐Ryong; Cho, Kyung‐Hyun

doi:10.3390/ijerph16050809

Cited by 24 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The policosanol comprised several alcohol chains of various lengths, and over 90% of the policosanol content was higher in the aliphatic wax alcohols. Policosanol formulations contain aliphatic alcohols in the following proportions [ 27 ]: 1-tetracosanol (C 24 H 49 OH, 0.1–20 mg/g), 1-nonacosanol (C 29 H 59 OH, 1.0–20.0 mg/g), 1-heptacosanol (C 27 H 55 OH, 1.0–30.0 mg/g), 1-tetratriacontanol (C 34 H 69 OH, 1.0–50.0 mg/g), 1-hexacosanol (C 26 H 53 OH, 30.0–100.0 mg/g), 1-dotriacontanol (C 32 H 65 OH, 50.0–100.0 mg/g), 1-triacontanol (C 30 H 61 OH, 100.0–150.0), and 1-octacosanol (C 28 H 57 OH, 600.0–700.0 mg/g). Policosanol (5 mg/kg) suspended in 2% Tween 20 (DUCHEFA, Haarlem, Netherlands) was administered orally by gastric gavage to 5xFAD or littermate wild-type mice beginning at 2-months of age.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A previous report suggested that PCO consumption by patients with type II hypercholesterolemia, type 2 diabetics with hypercholesterolemia, and combined hypercholesterolemia improved the lipid-related risk factors such as low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in cardiovascular disease [ 26 ]. Moreover, in a human study in Korea [ 27 , 28 ], short-term (12 weeks) and long-term (24 weeks) consumption of PCO resulted in decreased blood pressure and serum total cholesterol with the elevation of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) in a dose-dependent manner. In addition to its lipid-lowering effect, PCO showed antioxidant and anti-glycation effects to enhance HDL functionality [ 29 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long-Term Treatment of Cuban Policosanol Attenuates Abnormal Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response via Amyloid Plaques Reduction in 5xFAD Mice

et al. 2021

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder resulting in cognitive decline or dementia, the number of patients with AD is continuously increasing. Although a lot of great progress has been made in research and development of AD therapeutics, there is no fundamental cure for this disease yet. This study demonstrated the memory-improving effects of Cuban policosanol (PCO) in 5xFAD mice, which is an animal model of AD. Following 4-months of treatment with PCO in 5xFAD mice, we found that the number of amyloid plaques decreased in the brain compared to the vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice. Long-term PCO treatment in 5xFAD mice resulted in the reduction of gliosis and abnormal inflammatory cytokines level (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) in the cortex and hippocampus. Levels of lipid peroxide (4-hydroxynonenal [4-HNE]) and superoxide dismutase (SOD1 and SOD2) levels were also recoverd in the brains of PCO-treated 5xFAD mice. Notably, PCO administration reduced memory deficits in the passive avoidance test, as well as synaptic loss (PSD-95, synaptophysin) in 5xFAD mice. Collectively, we identified the potential effects of PCO as a useful supplement to delay or prevent AD progression by inhibiting the formation of Aβ plaques in the brain.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Treatment of Cuban Policosanol Attenuates Abnormal Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response via Amyloid Plaques Reduction in 5xFAD Mice

et al. 2021

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“…Other studies determined that the action of policosanol involves various pathways, such as the activation of AMP kinase, stimulation of the Akt signaling pathway to prevent lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced apoptosis [ 56 ], down-regulation of HMG-CoA reductase, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibition [ 57 , 58 , 59 ]. In addition to the increase in HDL quantity and improvement of dyslipidemia, the consumption of Cuban policosanol also enhanced the HDL functionality [ 59 ] and the blood-pressure-lowering effects [ 60 , 61 ].…”

Section: Change In Hdl-c Quantity During One’s Lifetimementioning

confidence: 99%

The Current Status of Research on High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL): A Paradigm Shift from HDL Quantity to HDL Quality and HDL Functionality

Cho

2022

IJMS

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The quantity of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) is represented as the serum HDL-C concentration (mg/dL), while the HDL quality manifests as the diverse features of protein and lipid content, extent of oxidation, and extent of glycation. The HDL functionality represents several performance metrics of HDL, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cholesterol efflux activities. The quantity and quality of HDL can change during one’s lifetime, depending on infection, disease, and lifestyle, such as dietary habits, exercise, and smoking. The quantity of HDL can change according to age and gender, such as puberty, middle-aged symptoms, climacteric, and the menopause. HDL-C can decrease during disease states, such as acute infection, chronic inflammation, and autoimmune disease, while it can be increased by regular aerobic exercise and healthy food consumption. Generally, high HDL-C at the normal level is associated with good HDL quality and functionality. Nevertheless, high HDL quantity is not always accompanied by good HDL quality or functionality. The HDL quality concerns the morphology of the HDL, such as particle size, shape, and number. The HDL quality also depends on the composition of the HDL, such as apolipoproteins (apoA-I, apoA-II, apoC-III, serum amyloid A, and α-synuclein), cholesterol, and triglyceride. The HDL quality is also associated with the extent of HDL modification, such as glycation and oxidation, resulting in the multimerization of apoA-I, and the aggregation leads to amyloidogenesis. The HDL quality frequently determines the HDL functionality, which depends on the attached antioxidant enzyme activity, such as the paraoxonase and cholesterol efflux activity. Conventional HDL functionality is regression, the removal of cholesterol from atherosclerotic lesions, and the removal of oxidized species in low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Recently, HDL functionality was reported to expand the removal of β-amyloid plaque and inhibit α-synuclein aggregation in the brain to attenuate Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, respectively. More recently, HDL functionality has been associated with the susceptibility and recovery ability of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by inhibiting the activity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The appearance of dysfunctional HDL is frequently associated with many acute infectious diseases and chronic aging-related diseases. An HDL can be a suitable biomarker to diagnose many diseases and their progression by monitoring the changes in its quantity and quality in terms of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities. An HDL can be a protein drug used for the removal of plaque and as a delivery vehicle for non-soluble drugs and genes. A dysfunctional HDL has poor HDL quality, such as a lower apoA-I content, lower antioxidant ability, smaller size, and ambiguous shape. The current review analyzes the recent advances in HDL quantity, quality, and functionality, depending on the health and disease state during one’s lifetime.

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“…Currently, commercial PC can be obtained from various other natural sources, such as from wheat germ oil, rice bran wax, and beeswax. Modern clinical studies have shown that PC has various physiological and pharmacological functions in animals and humans, including reducing blood lipid and cholesterol levels, lowering one’s blood pressure, inhibiting atherosclerosis, extending Pi-induced calcification, and lowering liver inflammation [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Recent data have demonstrated that PC suppresses testosterone-induced alopecia in mice by regulating hormone levels and inhibiting hair follicles into the regression phase at an earlier rate [ 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving Effect of the Policosanol from Ericerus pela Wax on Learning and Memory Impairment Caused by Scopolamine in Mice

Sun

et al. 2022

Foods

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Policosanol (PC) is a mixture of long-chain fatty alcohols that exhibits multiple biological activities, such as reducing blood lipid and cholesterol levels, lowering blood pressure, and extenuating liver inflammation. To assess PC’s impact on cognitive behavior and function, PC was prepared from Ericerus pela wax using a reduction method and analyzed using gas chromatography (GC). A total of 60 mice were randomly divided into six groups of 10 animals each: control (0.5% CMC-Na solution, i.g.), model (0.5% CMC-Na solution, i.g.), donepezil (3 mg/kg, i.g.), PC low- (2 g/kg, i.g.), medium (4 g/kg, i.g.), and high- (6 g/kg, i.g.) dose groups. All the groups were administered daily for 28 consecutive days. There were four parameters—escape latency, crossings of platform, swimming distance, and time spent in the target quadrant—that were recorded to evaluate the cognitive performance of mice in the Morris Water Maze (MWM). After MWM testing, the levels of acetylcholine (ACh), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH) that were present in brain tissue were determined using assay kits. The GC data showed that PC consisted of four major components: tetracosanol (14.40%), hexacosanol (48.97%), octacosanol (25.40%), and triacontanol (4.80%). In the MWM test, PC significantly decreased the escape latency (p < 0.05) and increased the crossings of the platform (p < 0.05) and swimming distance (p < 0.05) and time in the target quadrant (p < 0.05) in rodents compared to that in the model group. Moreover, PC increased the levels of ACh, SOD, and GSH; inhibited AChE; and reduced MDA in the brain tissue of the tested animals. This is the first report to evaluate the efficacy of PC for cognitive behavior and function in animals. Our findings demonstrate that PC from E. pela wax is likely to exert an enhancing effect on learning and memory by promoting the cholinergic system and attenuating oxidative stress, which will provide a new insight into the efficacy of PC and expand its application in the food, nutraceutical, and beverage industries.

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Short-Term Consumption of Cuban Policosanol Lowers Aortic and Peripheral Blood Pressure and Ameliorates Serum Lipid Parameters in Healthy Korean Participants: Randomized, Double-Blinded, and Placebo-Controlled Study

Cited by 24 publications

References 28 publications

Long-Term Treatment of Cuban Policosanol Attenuates Abnormal Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response via Amyloid Plaques Reduction in 5xFAD Mice

Long-Term Treatment of Cuban Policosanol Attenuates Abnormal Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response via Amyloid Plaques Reduction in 5xFAD Mice

The Current Status of Research on High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL): A Paradigm Shift from HDL Quantity to HDL Quality and HDL Functionality

Improving Effect of the Policosanol from Ericerus pela Wax on Learning and Memory Impairment Caused by Scopolamine in Mice

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