Short-term and long-term ketogenic diet therapy and the addition of exercise have differential impacts on metabolic gene expression in the mouse energy-consuming organs heart and skeletal muscle

Shimizu, Kozue; Saito, Hazuki; Sumi, Kanako; Sakamoto, Yuka; Tachi, Yoichi; Iida, Kaoruko

doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2018.09.004

Cited by 22 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Recently, a research team from Japan reported that a 12-week KD managed to alter FAO-related mRNA expression, including CPT-1beta and HADH, enhancing FAO capacity in both heart and muscle tissues [ 46 ]. Our studies have also confirmed that a KD is able to accelerate FAO, thus contributing to exercise capacity.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An 8-Week Ketogenic Diet Alternated Interleukin-6, Ketolytic and Lipolytic Gene Expression, and Enhanced Exercise Capacity in Mice

Huang

Tominaga

et al. 2018

Nutrients

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Adjusting dietary fat intake is reported to affect mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid oxidation (FAO), and thus may enhance exercise capacity. However, a high-fat diet where carbohydrate intake is not limited enough also makes it difficult for athletes to maintain weight, and may fail to force the body to utilize fat. As such, a low-carbohydrate, high-fat, ketogenic diet (KD) may be viable. We have previously reported that an eight-week KD enhances exercise capacity, and suggested the mechanism to be enhanced lipolysis and ketolysis. In the present study, we investigated how an eight-week KD alters mRNA expression during fatty acid mobilization, FAO and ketolysis. We found that an eight-week KD may remodel the lipid metabolism profile, thus contributing to influence exercise capacity. We also found that ketolysis, lipolysis and FAO adaptations may contribute to enhanced exhaustive exercise performance. Along with enhanced FAO capacity during exhaustive exercise, a KD may also alter IL-6 synthesis and secretion profile, thus contribute to fatty acid mobilization, ketolysis, lipolysis and preventing muscle damage. Both the lipid metabolism response and IL-6 secretion appeared to be muscle fiber specific. Taken together, the previous and present results reveal that an eight-week KD may enhance exercise performance by up-regulating ketolysis and FAO ability. Therefore, a KD may have the potential to prevent muscle damage by altering IL-6 secretion profile, indicating that a KD may be a promising dietary approach in endurance athletes, sports, and for injury prevention.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An 8-Week Ketogenic Diet Alternated Interleukin-6, Ketolytic and Lipolytic Gene Expression, and Enhanced Exercise Capacity in Mice

Huang

Tominaga

et al. 2018

Nutrients

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“…Results obtained for muscle glycogen, an important energy source in a fast-twitch muscle such as EDL, indicate no change in glycogen content after four weeks of ketogenic diet feeding. By contrast, Shimizu et al reported that four weeks of ketogenic diet decreased muscle glycogen content in mice [ 22 ]. One difference between the results reported herein and those reported by Shimizu et al [ 22 ] is adaptation of the fat oxidation enzyme.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Schnyder et al reported that mice fed a ketogenic diet for 12 weeks showed lowered mitochondrial ATP production in gastrocnemius muscle [ 5 ]. In contrast to these reports of other studies, Shimizu et al reported that mice fed a ketogenic diet for 12 weeks showed upregulated transcript levels of fatty acid oxidation in gastrocnemius muscle [ 22 ]. Therefore, the effect of ketogenic diet on muscle metabolic characteristics is contradictory.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Then the EDL muscle was removed, weighed, and frozen for subsequent analyses. For this study, EDL muscle was selected because it is a fast-twitch fiber muscle similar to the gastrocnemius and quadriceps femoris muscles, which have been used often in earlier ketogenic diet studies [ 22 , 24 – 26 ]. Also, EDL muscle is suitable to isolate with tendon-to-tendon manner for performing muscle contraction experiments.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ketogenic diet feeding improves aerobic metabolism property in extensor digitorum longus muscle of sedentary male rats

et al. 2020

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Recent studies of the ketogenic diet, an extremely high-fat diet with extremely low carbohydrates, suggest that it changes the energy metabolism properties of skeletal muscle. However, ketogenic diet effects on muscle metabolic characteristics are diverse and sometimes countervailing. Furthermore, ketogenic diet effects on skeletal muscle performance are unknown. After male Wistar rats (8 weeks of age) were assigned randomly to a control group (CON) and a ketogenic diet group (KD), they were fed for 4 weeks respectively with a control diet (10% fat, 10% protein, 80% carbohydrate) and a ketogenic diet (90% fat, 10% protein, 0% carbohydrate). After the 4-week feeding period, the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle was evaluated ex vivo for twitch force, tetanic force, and fatigue. We also analyzed the myosin heavy chain composition, protein expression of metabolic enzymes and regulatory factors, and citrate synthase activity. No significant difference was found between CON and KD in twitch or tetanic forces or muscle fatigue. However, the KD citrate synthase activity and the protein expression of Sema3A, citrate synthase, succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4, and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase were significantly higher than those of CON. Moreover, a myosin heavy chain shift occurred from type IIb to IIx in KD. These results demonstrated that the 4-week ketogenic diet improves skeletal muscle aerobic capacity without obstructing muscle contractile function in sedentary male rats and suggest involvement of Sema3A in the myosin heavy chain shift of EDL muscle.

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“…It was reported that in an experiment that lasted for 762 days, muscle mitochondrial volume was increased by KD (Parry et al, 2018). Other authors show that a 12-week KD combined with daily treadmill exercise induced higher gene expression in markers of fatty acid oxidation, as compared with the control diet combined with exercise (Shimizu et al, 2018). It was also reported that ketolytic metabolism and lipolytic metabolism were remodelled by an eight-week KD in mice, thereby enhancing their endurance (Ma et al, 2018).…”

Section: Ketogenic Diet and Endurance Exercisementioning

confidence: 97%

Ketogenic Diet and Sport Performance

2020

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Many athletes are concerned about attaining or maintaining optimal body weight and composition for their sport. Athletes may want to reduce body weight to ensure optimal performance, to improve aesthetic appearance, or to compete in weight category sports. This leads to efforts to reduce body fat without losing muscle mass and often to nutritional practices that may have severe health consequences. A ketogenic diet is high in fat and low in carbohydrates (≤50 g d-1) and fairly high in protein. There are numerous randomized controlled studies showing that ketogenic diets effectively reduce body fat without causing excessive loss of lean body tissue. The crucial question is whether these diets influence sports performance and, if so, how. Many nutrition-exercise combinations have been studied in an effort to increase rates of fatty acid oxidation and attenuate the rate of carbohydrate utilization, thus potentially augmenting exercise performance. The evidence suggests that increased fat availability transfers into higher rates of both whole-body and muscle lipid utilization during standardized submaximal aerobic exercise. However, despite greater rates of fat oxidation, these diets consistently fail to improve endurance performance compared with a carbohydrate-rich diet, and little is known about the effect of a ketogenic diet on strength performance.

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Short-term and long-term ketogenic diet therapy and the addition of exercise have differential impacts on metabolic gene expression in the mouse energy-consuming organs heart and skeletal muscle

Cited by 22 publications

References 53 publications

An 8-Week Ketogenic Diet Alternated Interleukin-6, Ketolytic and Lipolytic Gene Expression, and Enhanced Exercise Capacity in Mice

An 8-Week Ketogenic Diet Alternated Interleukin-6, Ketolytic and Lipolytic Gene Expression, and Enhanced Exercise Capacity in Mice

Ketogenic diet feeding improves aerobic metabolism property in extensor digitorum longus muscle of sedentary male rats

Ketogenic Diet and Sport Performance

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