Short Review on Porous Metal Membranes—Fabrication, Commercial Products, and Applications

Zhu, Bo; Duke, Mikel; Dumée, Ludovic F.; Merenda, Andrea; Ligneris, Elise des; Kong, Lingxue; Hodgson, Peter; Gray, Stephen

doi:10.3390/membranes8030083

Cited by 46 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 121 publications

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“…Porous polymers, with their combination of low density, high surface area, and good insulation properties, have found many applications in the modern world for instance as insulation materials, [ 8 ] in composites [ 9 ] and as membranes. [ 10 ] Only a few examples of porous PEEK membranes and fibers [ 11,12 ] or foam monoliths [ 29 ] prepared by a temperature induced liquid–liquid phase separation or phase inversion process were reported. Most other examples of porous high performance polymer foams were produced by chemical or physical (gas) blowing [ 13,14 ] or particulate leaching.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Performance Polymer Foams by Thermally Induced Phase Separation

Rusakov

Menner

Bismarck

2020

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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Porous polymers, with their combination of low density, high surface area, and good insulation properties, have found many applications in the modern world for instance as insulation materials, [8] in composites [9] and as membranes. [10] Only a few examples of porous PEEK membranes and fibers [11,12] or foam monoliths [29] prepared by a temperature induced liquidliquid phase separation or phase inversion process were reported. Most other examples of porous high performance polymer foams were produced by chemical or physical (gas) blowing [13,14] or particulate leaching. [15,16] However, the bulk production of PEEK and PEKK foams, and to a lesser degree PEI foams [17,18] is still a huge challenge. Gas blowing and particulate leaching methods have limitations restricting their suitability for high performance polymers, because of the small processing window for semicrystalline polymers [19] and high temperature and pressure requirements. [16,20,21] Another possible approach to access high performance polymer foams uses polymer particles to stabilize either high internal phase emulsions [22] or foams, [23] which are subsequently dried and sintered. However, a major disadvantage of this method is the massive shrinkage of emulsion template and green body during drying and sintering.The method to produce high performance porous polymers used by us is based on the commonly used thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) technique, which makes use of polymer solubility gradients at various temperatures. [24,25] A polymer is initially dissolved in a solvent at a specific temperature until a homogeneous solution is obtained and then, the temperature is decreased either rapidly or at a specific rate until solid-liquid or liquid-liquid demixing occurs. During demixing a polymer-rich and polymer-poor phase form and thus after removal of the solvent, typically by drying, a porous material is obtained from the polymer rich phase. The solvent can be reused for the next process.Here we present a high temperature TIPS method to produce high porosity, macroporous high-performance polymer foams with controllable pore morphology. PEEK, PEKK, and PEI were used to demonstrate the versatility of this method. 4-Phenylphenol (4PPH) was used as a universal aprotic, high boiling solvent (melting point +166 °C, boiling point +321 °C) for all three polymers. One major advantage of this solvent is that it can easily be recycled and, therefore, the environmental impact can be reduced. Under laboratory conditions we managed to recover and reuse between 80% and 90% of 4PPH. Foam density, surface area, pore morphology and the mechanical properties in compression of the resulting foams will be investigated.Macroporous, low-density polyetheretherketone, polyetherketoneketone, and polyetherimide foams are produced using a high-temperature, thermally induced phase separation method. A high-boiling-point solvent, which is suitable to dissolve at least 20 wt% of these high-performance polymers at temperatures above 250 °C, is identified. The foam morpho...

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Performance Polymer Foams by Thermally Induced Phase Separation

Rusakov

Menner

Bismarck

2020

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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“…Recently, metal sintered membrane was applied in the eld of ltration and mixing. [26][27][28] It retains the superior characteristics of metal substrates, while possessing abundant microchannel architectures, large surface areas for gas-liquid contact, and great mass-transfer rates. 29,30 Considering the advantage of the metal sintered membrane, active Pt component was loaded into the microchannels of the metal sintered membrane, and the gas-liquid-solid catalytic reaction could transpire within the microchannels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and catalytic performance of active metal sintered membrane reactor anchored with Pt atoms

et al. 2021

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“…Membranes produced entirely from metal encompass a field all of their own with applications in wastewater treatment, and dairy and wine industries [9,10]. These membranes are often produced through metal powder sintering and typically have the advantages of resistance to damage from solvents, extreme pH, and temperature [9]. However, high costs and large pore size can limit the application of these membranes using existing technology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%