Short review on heteropoly acid based catalyst for valorization of biomass waste into valueable chemicals

Abstract

Depletion of fossil fuels resources has triggered more research on finding potential alternative sources that are more sustainable such as biomass waste. However, deconstruction of the complex biomass waste into desired products is too challenging and usually require a strong catalyst with a great hydrolysing property. Common acids such as sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid and nitric acid were the most studies for biomass conversion. These liquid acids catalysts suffer low recovery and recyclability that can be overcome by a solid acid catalyst. Heteropoly acid (HPA) catalyst is the preferred choice to replace these common acid catalysts as it is known to have a strong Bronsted acid site with an oxidizing property that allows this catalyst to hydrolyse and oxidize in one-step reaction. Furthermore, heteropoly acid (HPA) catalyst can be modified into heterogenous type of catalyst by solidifying HPA to increase the surface area and recyclability. Future work of this research is necessary to improvise the previous method of the catalyst preparation and to suppress the by-products after the catalytic process. In this review, we summarize the use of HPA catalyst in the complex reaction process of biomass conversion to valuable chemical products.

Utilisation and valorisation of distillery whisky waste streams via biomass electrolysis: electrosynthesis of hydrogen

“…Electrochemical conversion of waste biomass offers a fuel-exible route to sustainable, net-zero greenhouse gas emissions production of hydrogen whilst valorising waste biomass feedstocks. In recent years, the examination of polyoxometalate (POM) materials as catalysts, 5,6 which can digest biomass, has been undertaken. POM materials comprise large, polyanionic MO x clusters, in which M = transition metals such as Mo, W and V, 5,7 as well as a variety of cations.…”