Short-Range Exosomal Transfer of Viral RNA from Infected Cells to Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Triggers Innate Immunity

Dreux, Marlène; Garaigorta, Urtzi; Boyd, Bryan; Décembre, Elodie; Chung, Josan; Whitten-Bauer, Christina; Wieland, Stefan; Chisari, Francis V.

doi:10.1016/j.chom.2012.08.010

Cited by 422 publications

(507 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Because pDCs constitutively express TLR3, they are a likely candidate cell-type involved in tissue inflammation. In addition, antiviral immunity triggered by exosomal transfer of viral RNA to pDCs has been suggested in HCV infection (3). HCV persistence and pathology, depends on strategies evolved to avoid innate recognition in infected cells (2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some RNA viruses establish a chronic productive infection: for example, hepatitis C virus (HCV), which evolved strategies to escape from innate immune sensors contributing to its pathophysiology (2). Nevertheless HCV, an enveloped RNA virus, can be recognized by sensory plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) (3). More recently, Hepatitis A virus, a nonenveloped RNA virus, was shown to hijack a host membrane, presumably to escape neutralizing antibodies while facilitating sensing by pDCs (4).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Sensing of latent EBV infection through exosomal transfer of 5′pppRNA

Baglio¹,

Eijndhoven²,

Koppers-Lalić

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

141

145

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Complex interactions between DNA herpesviruses and host factors determine the establishment of a life-long asymptomatic latent infection. The lymphotropic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) seems to avoid recognition by innate sensors despite massive transcription of immunostimulatory small RNAs (EBV-EBERs). Here we demonstrate that in latently infected B cells, EBER1 transcripts interact with the lupus antigen (La) ribonucleoprotein, avoiding cytoplasmic RNA sensors. However, in coculture experiments we observed that latent-infected cells trigger antiviral immunity in dendritic cells (DCs) through selective release and transfer of RNA via exosomes. In ex vivo tonsillar cultures, we observed that EBER1-loaded exosomes are preferentially captured and internalized by human plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) that express the TIM1 phosphatidylserine receptor, a known viraland exosomal target. Using an EBER-deficient EBV strain, enzymatic removal of 5′ppp, in vitro transcripts, and coculture experiments, we established that 5′pppEBER1 transfer via exosomes drives antiviral immunity in nonpermissive DCs. Lupus erythematosus patients suffer from elevated EBV load and activated antiviral immunity, in particular in skin lesions that are infiltrated with pDCs. We detected high levels of EBER1 RNA in such skin lesions, as well as EBV-microRNAs, but no intact EBV-DNA, linking non-cell-autonomous EBER1 presence with skin inflammation in predisposed individuals. Collectively, our studies indicate that virus-modified exosomes have a physiological role in the host-pathogen stand-off and may promote inflammatory disease.exosomes | EBV-EBER1 | innate sensing | dendritic cells | skin inflammation

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensing of latent EBV infection through exosomal transfer of 5′pppRNA

Baglio¹,

Eijndhoven²,

Koppers-Lalić

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

141

145

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Supporting this hypothesis, HPgV RNA-containing microvesicles positive for an exosomal marker (cellular CD63) were able to deliver viral RNA to uninfected PBMCs and viral RNA replicated within these cells ex vivo (Chivero et al, 2014). Other viruses such as hepatitis A virus and HCV have also been shown to utilize exosomes for viral transmission and intercellular communication (Bukong et al, 2014;Dreux et al, 2012;Feng et al, 2013;Ramakrishnaiah et al, 2013).…”

Section: Life Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

“…HCV utilizes many receptors in vitro, including the low-density lipoprotein receptor ( Dreux et al, 2012;Feng et al, 2013;Ramakrishnaiah et al, 2013).…”

Section: Life Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Tropism of human pegivirus (formerly known as GB virus C/hepatitis G virus) and host immunomodulation: insights into a highly successful viral infection

Chivero

Stapleton

2015

Journal of General Virology

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Human pegivirus (HPgV; originally called GB virus C/hepatitis G virus) is an RNA virus within the genus Pegivirus of the family Flaviviridae that commonly causes persistent infection. Worldwide, 750 million people are actively infected (viraemic) and an estimated 0.75-1.5 billion people have evidence of prior HPgV infection. No causal association between HPgV and disease has been identified; however, several studies described a beneficial relationship between persistent HPgV infection and survival in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus. The beneficial effect appeared to be related to a reduction in host immune activation. HPgV replicates well in vivo (mean plasma viral loads typically .1¾10 7 genome copies ml -1 ); however, the virus grows poorly in vitro and systems to study this virus are limited. Consequently, mechanisms of viral persistence and host immune modulation remain poorly characterized, and the primary permissive cell type (s) has not yet been identified. HPgV RNA is found in liver, spleen, bone marrow and PBMCs, including Tand B-lymphocytes, NK-cells, and monocytes, although the mechanism of cell-to-cell transmission is unclear. HPgV RNA is also present in serum microvesicles with properties of exosomes. These microvesicles are able to transmit viral RNA to PBMCs in vitro, resulting in productive infection. This review summarizes existing data on HPgV cellular tropism and the effect of HPgV on immune activation in various PBMCs, and discusses how this may influence viral persistence. We conclude that an increased understanding of HPgV replication and immune modulation may provide insights into persistent RNA viral infection of humans. IntroductionHuman pegivirus (HPgV) is an RNA virus within the Pegivirus A species and family Flaviviridae (Adams et al., 2013;Stapleton et al., 2012a). The virus was originally called hepatitis G virus (HGV)/GB virus type C (GBV-C). The letters 'GB' represented the initials of a surgeon with acute hepatitis whose sera caused hepatitis in marmosets (Deinhardt et al., 1967). Subsequent studies found that this virus did not cause hepatitis and there was no direct evidence that the surgeon ('G. B.') was infected with HPgV. Thus, the virus (HGV/GBV-C), along with several related primate and bat viruses (GBV-A, GBV-C czp , GBV-D), was assigned to a new genus (Pegivirus) and renamed as HPgV (Adams et al., 2013;Stapleton et al., 2012a). HPgV has a 9.4 kb positive-sense ssRNA genome that is organized similarly to hepatitis C virus (HCV) (Fig. 1). HPgV and HCV are unusual amongst RNA viruses in that they commonly cause persistent infection in immune-competent humans.Although HPgV is not as efficient at establishing persistent infection as HCV, an estimated 25 % of infections persist and the other 75 % clear viraemia within 2 years of infection (Gutierrez et al., 1997;Tanaka et al., 1998a). The prevalence of HPgV viraemia in cross-sectional serum surveys of healthy blood donors in developed countries is between 1 and 5 %, whilst up to 20 % of blood donors in ...

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“…Exosomes have been implicated in regulation of the immune response (31), gene expression by transmission of miRNA (32), and pathogen spreading (33). Tumor-derived exosomes promote tumor progression at many levels, either by suppressing antitumor immune responses (34) or by incorporating oncogenic materials (35).…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) constitutes a nucleoprotein component of extracellular inflammatory exosomes

Wang

Deng

Dahmane

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) has been identified as a telomere-associated regulator of chromosome end protection. Here, we report that TERRA can also be found in extracellular fractions that stimulate innate immune signaling. We identified extracellular forms of TERRA in mouse tumor and embryonic brain tissue, as well as in human tissue culture cell lines using RNA in situ hybridization. RNA-seq analyses revealed TERRA to be among the most highly represented transcripts in extracellular fractions derived from both normal and cancer patient blood plasma. Cell-free TERRA (cfTERRA) could be isolated from the exosome fractions derived from human lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) culture media. cfTERRA is a shorter form (∼200 nt) of cellular TERRA and copurifies with CD63-and CD83-positive exosome vesicles that could be visualized by cyro-electron microscopy. These fractions were also enriched for histone proteins that physically associate with TERRA in extracellular ChIP assays. Incubation of cfTERRAcontaining exosomes with peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated transcription of several inflammatory cytokine genes, including TNFα, IL6, and C-X-C chemokine 10 (CXCL10) Exosomes engineered with elevated TERRA or liposomes with synthetic TERRA further stimulated inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that exosome-associated TERRA augments innate immune signaling. These findings imply a previously unidentified extrinsic function for TERRA and a mechanism of communication between telomeres and innate immune signals in tissue and tumor microenvironments.TERRA | telomere | exosome | innate immunity | cytokine

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Short-Range Exosomal Transfer of Viral RNA from Infected Cells to Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Triggers Innate Immunity

Cited by 422 publications

References 80 publications

Sensing of latent EBV infection through exosomal transfer of 5′pppRNA

Sensing of latent EBV infection through exosomal transfer of 5′pppRNA

Tropism of human pegivirus (formerly known as GB virus C/hepatitis G virus) and host immunomodulation: insights into a highly successful viral infection

Telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) constitutes a nucleoprotein component of extracellular inflammatory exosomes

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