Short interspersed elements (SINEs) from insectivores. Two classes of mammalian SINEs distinguished by A-rich tail structure

Borodulina, Olga R.; Крамеров, Д. А.

doi:10.1007/s003350020029

Cited by 52 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Although some evidence for polyadenylation of B2 SINE pol III transcripts in mouse tumor cells have already been reported (Kramerov et al 1985a,b;Bladon et al 1990;Kramerov et al 1990), those data were based on a study of the mixture of multiple B2 transcripts. The presence of the B2 copies with mutated transcriptional terminators (Borodulina and Kramerov 2001) or with rather long (40-50 nt) A-tails (Odom et al 2004), as well as the existence of the mRNAs containing B2 sequences in their 39-nontranslated regions, could potentially lead to misinterpretation of those results. Here we used human cells transfected with B2 and VES SINE constructs with or without AATAAA-signals, to obtain more direct evidence of the AATAAA-dependent polyadenylation of pol III transcripts.…”

Section: Polyadenylation Of Pol III Transcriptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As we showed here, polyadenylation of transcripts can be the mechanism of the generation of long poly(A) in SINEs of the class T + (i.e., SINEs with an AATAAA-signal and terminator in their tails). Such SINEs have been found in mammals, and they comprise about a third of all known SINE families from this vertebrate order (Borodulina and Kramerov 2001;Kramerov and Vassetzky 2005). Probably the different SINE families independently acquired tails specific for the T + class SINEs during evolution.…”

Section: Polyadenylation As a Source For Long A-tails In T + Class Sinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In mammals, at least 10 SINE families whose tails are similar to that of B2 were found. Such SINEs were assigned to the T + class, whereas the class of SINEs without a polyadenylation signal (AATAAA) and transcriptional terminator (TCTTT or TTTT) was referred to as T - (Borodulina and Kramerov 2001). Pol III transcripts of all T + class SINE families were proposed to be polyadenylated in an AAUAAA-dependent manner.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transcripts synthesized by RNA polymerase III can be polyadenylated in an AAUAAA-dependent manner

Borodulina¹,

Крамеров²

2008

RNA

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It is well known that nearly all eukaryotic mRNAs contain a 39 poly(A) tail. A polyadenylation signal (AAUAAA) nearby the 39 end of pre-mRNA is required for poly(A) synthesis. The protein complex involved in the pre-mRNA polyadenylation is coupled with RNA polymerase II during the transcription of a gene. According to the commonly accepted view, only RNAs synthesized by RNA polymerase II can be polyadenylated in an AAUAAA-dependent manner. Here we report the polyadenylation of short interspersed elements (SINEs) B2 and VES transcripts generated by RNA polymerase III. HeLa cells were transfected with SINE constructs with or without polyadenylation signals. The analyses of the SINE transcripts showed that only the RNAs with the AAUAAA-signal contained poly(A) tails. Polyadenylated B2 RNA was found to be much more stable in cells than B2 RNA without a poly(A) tail.

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Section: Polyadenylation Of Pol III Transcriptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Polyadenylation As a Source For Long A-tails In T + Class Sinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transcripts synthesized by RNA polymerase III can be polyadenylated in an AAUAAA-dependent manner

Borodulina¹,

Крамеров²

2008

RNA

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“…and ERI-2 elements (Borodulina and Kramerov 2001). The functional significance of this structure remains unknown; however, its presence in unrelated mammalian SINEs is amazing.…”

Section: Structure Of Can Short Retroposonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The A-rich tail is quite typical and belongs to the T + class specific for most mammalian SINEs (Borodulina and Kramerov 2001). A tail of this class carries both terminator of transcription and AATAAA signals; by analogy with rodent B2 SINE (Kramerov et al 1990), one can propose that CAN RNA polymerase III transcripts are polyadenylated.…”

Section: Structure Of Can Short Retroposonmentioning

confidence: 99%

CAN—a pan-carnivore SINE family

Vassetzky

Крамеров

2002

Mammalian Genome

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Abstract. Short retroposons or short interspersed elements (SINEs) constituting 5-10% genome have been isolated from various organisms. CAN SINEs initially found in American mink were named after dogs (Canis), and the range of their distribution in the genomes of carnivores and mammals in general remained topical. Here we demonstrate CAN sequences in representatives of all carnivore families, but not beyond carnivores, on the basis of sequence bank search and genomic PCR. Analysis of their distribution supports division of carnivores into caniform (dogs, mustelids, raccoons, bears, and pinnipeds) and feliform (cats, civets, and hyenas) lineages. CAN structure is considered in the context of their function and evolution.A significant portion of the eukaryotic genome is composed of mobile elements propagated by retroposition, a process involving transcription and reverse transcription (Rogers 1985). Long retroposons (LINEs) code for the activities required for retroposition (reverse transcriptase and endonuclease), while short retroposons (SINEs) lack these.SINEs are genomic repeats 80-400 bp long, apparently originating from RNA (more commonly tRNA); a typical SINE consists of three regions; a tRNA-related region, a tRNA-unrelated region, and an A-rich region. The tRNA-related region contains an internal promoter of RNA polymerase III and provides for its transcription (Daniels and Deininger 1985;Jagadeeswaran et al. 1981). Owing to the mechanism of amplification, the 3Ј-part of SINEs is A-rich, and the genomic elements are flanked by short direct repeats.SINEs can be classified as members of several superfamilies sharing structural similarity, apparently inherited from a common ancestor [e.g., members of Alu/B1 superfamily originate from an ancient element FAM (Quentin 1992)]. The vast majority of SINE copies in the genome are incapable of active amplification, and the process is due to a few master sequences as indicated by the presence of distinct subfamilies and the activity of one or a few at any given time.

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SINEs

2011

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Short interspersed elements (SINEs) are mobile genetic elements that invade the genomes of many eukaryotes. Since their discovery about 30 years ago, many gaps in our understanding of the biology and function of SINEs have been filled. This review summarizes the past and recent advances in the studies of SINEs. The structure and origin of SINEs as well as the processes involved in their amplification, transcription, RNA processing, reverse transcription, and integration of a SINE copy into the genome are considered. Then we focus on the significance of SINEs for the host genomes. While these genomic parasites can be deleterious to the cell, the long-term being in the genome has made SINEs a valuable source of genetic variation providing regulatory elements for gene expression, alternative splice sites, polyadenylation signals, and even functional RNA genes.

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Short interspersed elements (SINEs) from insectivores. Two classes of mammalian SINEs distinguished by A-rich tail structure

Cited by 52 publications

References 35 publications

Transcripts synthesized by RNA polymerase III can be polyadenylated in an AAUAAA-dependent manner

Transcripts synthesized by RNA polymerase III can be polyadenylated in an AAUAAA-dependent manner

CAN—a pan-carnivore SINE family

SINEs

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