Short Global History of Fountains

Juuti, Petri; Antoniou, Georgios; Dragoni, Walter; El‐Gohary, Fatma A.; Feo, Giovanni De; Katko, Tapio S.; Rajala, Riikka; Zheng, Xiazhong; Drusiani, R.; Angelakιs, Andreas N.

doi:10.3390/w7052314

Cited by 14 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Drinking water fountain (KASM) is a public facility that provides free and high-quality access to the public that has been there since the early bronze age (5). KASM has many benefits such as easy to find in various locations, easy to use, and can be used by all ages (6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Processing System and Evaluation Microbiological Quality of Drinking Water Fountain in Surabaya City

Novitasari

2020

JKL

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Introduction: Drinking water fountain (KASM) is one of the innovations of the Regional Drinking Water Company (PDAM) Surya Sembada Surabaya City to provide drinking where the location is in various public facilities. Health problems in people who consume KASM water can occur when the quality of water is not eligible. Unsafe drinking water can interfere with health and can cause waterborne disease. The purpose of writing this article is to identify the processing system and analyze the quality of water microbiology of KASM. Method: This type of research was a descriptive observational with case design report. Subject of study was drinking water fountain (KASM) was one of the innovations of the Regional Drinking Water Company (PDAM) Surya Sembadin the city of Surabaya. The data used was secondary data on 13 samples of KASM locations originating from the PDAM Surya Sembada Surabaya City and various literature. The method of data analysis used is qualitative. Result and Discussion: Water treatment in each KASM unit is an advanced process of water treatment plant (IPAM) PDAM Surya Sembada City of Surabaya. A series of water treatment processes through several equipments, consisting of: pressure tank, basin, low and high pressure switch, booster pump, radar, tank container, UV lamp, RO, Flow Reject, remineral, hexagonal, post-carbon, 1 micron catridge, GAC, 5 micron Catridge, and solenoid. Results of the evaluation of the microbiological quality of KASM based on the data quality Report water in January 2019-January 2020 indicates that the total parameters coliform at 13 point location 4.69% are not eligible, while for the parameter fecal coliform 100% qualified drinking water quality. Conclusion: monitoring of water quality, processing system, and sanitation need to be applied regularly to provide safe drinking water for the community

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Processing System and Evaluation Microbiological Quality of Drinking Water Fountain in Surabaya City

Novitasari

2020

JKL

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“…Nonetheless, there are several examples showing the present pertinence of these dispersed water supplies (not limited to stone structures) such as a recent study (2019) regarding water quality in fountains [2]. In their short history of fountains, Juuti et al [3] mention the spread since the beginning of the present century of "water kiosks" that aimed to provide public drinking water and which could help to reduce plastic waste. There are even examples in the general press, as this example from the Washington Post discussing environmental and health issues associated with the decline of trust in public fountains [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geological Materials as Cultural Markers of Water Resources

et al. 2020

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Water has always been a critical resource for humans and climate change could aggravate supply problems. In this context, groundwater could be an important reservoir of water, especially given the dispersion of places where it can be obtained and the widespread occurrence of surface marks (springs). Historically, places where groundwater is available have been marked by humans using built structures, with stone materials having a major role. These cultural objects tend to become a part of the collective memory and the historical record (when available) and frequently they stay on the original site along time (hence "marking a spot" for groundwater). However, the development of major water supply structures, especially in the 20th century, promoted an overlook of these ancient water sources. We present a general defense of the importance of recording and preserving cultural stone related to water sources, preferably in the original sites. Conservation of groundwater related structures could help in the future exploration of this geological resource and converge with historical information on the fountains' discharge, with geological studies of the terrains and geochemical features of the groundwaters involved, in order to characterize the hydrogeological systems and their potential future use (including the preservation of water quality and properties). These studies could promote a synergetic conservation of both heritage and water.

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“…well-regulated regional freshwater supplies. Fountains are a source of both refreshment and joyous renewal [3]. Greenhouses afford constant shelter from all kinds of weathers for commercially valuable plants, decorative or edible; at one locale in the Old World's southern Spain landscape ~270 km 2 are presently enclosed contiguously by sealed glass-houses growing tomatoes and other commercial crops controllably; the effect of the sunshine-reflecting landscape-cover of glazing is to cool the local climate whilst protecting all plants grown within from radical short-term air temperature excursions [4].…”

Section: Introduction mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These modules will not require Cathartic Protection. GEOGRAPHOS supposes a maximal freshwater FBDF product annually to be ~0.57 km 3 predictably derived from a FBDF solar distiller empowered by a ~640 km 2 solar energy VANTA-black receiving surface which ultimately causes 2.5 liters/m 2 of freshwater to be made during near-Equator sunny days. The multi-level moored FBDF, unencumbered by shading obstacles above, can be expected to revolutionize freshwater supply (quantity and quality) and use within the Koppen Classification BSw Tropical Semi-desert that completely surrounds Golfo de Cariaco.…”

Section: Introduction mentioning

confidence: 99%

Solar Thermo-Powered Desalination Fountain-Barge: A Macro-Imagineering NA Venezuela’s Golfo de Cariaco (Fonte-Barcaça de Dessalinização Termo-Alimentada por Energia Solar: Uma Macro-Imagenharia NA, Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela)

Cathcart¹

2019

CALIBRE

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Based mainly on the Fourier Law valid for parallel material layer temperature gradients, a massive floating seawater desalination macro-project almost entirely covering the Golfo de Cariaco, NE Venezuela, is proposed. The purpose of the geographically-scalable unsinkable Fountain-Barge Desalination Factory (FBDF) formed chiefly of composite metal foam is bulk freshwater production then to be utilized domestically for commercial crop irrigation and urban population maintenance and increase. Brine reject from the huge FBDF could allow 21st Century development of a commercial aquaculture industry during a potential local encompassing region BSw Koppen Climatic Classification change as well as adjacent southern Caribbean Sea changes [1].Key words: Freshwater production, aquaculture industry, solar thermal-powered desalination fountain-barge.===========================================================================Com fundamento na Lei de Fourier, válida para gradientes de temperatura em camadas paralelas de material, propõe-se um macroprojeto flutuante de dessalinização da água do mar cobrindo quase inteiramente o Golfo de Cariaco, NE Venezuela. O objetivo da Fountain-Barge Desalination Factory (FBDF), geograficamente escalável e formada principalmente de espuma de metal compósito, é a produção de água doce para ser utilizada em residências, em irrigação comercial e demais aplicações da população urbana. A rejeição de salmoura da grande FBDF poderia permitir o desenvolvimento, no século XXI, de uma indústria de aquacultura coetânea à potencial transformação da região de BSw Koppen, assim como às mudanças adjacentes no sul do Caribe [1].Palavras-chave: Dessalinização da água do mar, indústria de aquacultura, barcaça-fonte termosolar.

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Short Global History of Fountains

Cited by 14 publications

References 26 publications

Processing System and Evaluation Microbiological Quality of Drinking Water Fountain in Surabaya City

Processing System and Evaluation Microbiological Quality of Drinking Water Fountain in Surabaya City

Geological Materials as Cultural Markers of Water Resources

Solar Thermo-Powered Desalination Fountain-Barge: A Macro-Imagineering NA Venezuela’s Golfo de Cariaco (Fonte-Barcaça de Dessalinização Termo-Alimentada por Energia Solar: Uma Macro-Imagenharia NA, Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela)

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