Short communication

English, JoAnna L.; Jacobs, Laura O; Green, Garfield G.; Andrews, Thomas C.

doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(98)00322-1

Cited by 45 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Elevated resting and exercise blood pressure in the early follicular phase occurred in concert with lower levels of vascular conductance, which suggests that low levels of estrogen also lead to increased peripheral vasoconstriction. The mechanism responsible for the reduced TVC (i.e., enhanced vasoconstriction) may be due to decreases in endothelial function, vascular compliance and nitric oxide availability by low levels of estrogen [1,17,27]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Ovarian Cycle on Hemodynamic Responses during Dynamic Exercise in Sedentary Women

Choi

Stebbins

Nho

et al. 2013

Korean J Physiol Pharmacol

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This study tested the hypothesis that effects of the menstrual cycle on resting blood pressure carry over to dynamic exercise. Eleven healthy females were studied during the early (EP; low estrogen, low progesterone) and late follicular (LP; high estrogen, low progesterone) menstrual phases. Stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and total vascular conductance (TVC) were assessed at rest and in response to mild and moderate cycling exercise during EP and LP. During EP, compared to LP, baseline SBP (111±1 vs. 103±2 mmHg), DBP (71±2 vs. 65±2 mmHg) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) (84±2 vs. 78±1 mmHg) were higher and TVC (47.0±1.5 vs. 54.9±4.2 ml/min/mmHg) was lower (p<0.05). During exercise, absolute values of SBP (Mild: 142±4 vs. 127±5 mmHg; Moderate: 157±4 vs. 144±5 mmHg) and MAP (Mild: 100±3 vs. 91±3 mmHg; Moderate: 110±3 vs. 101±3 mmHg) were also higher, while TVC was lower (Mild: 90.9±5.1 vs. 105.4±5.2 ml/min/mmHg; Moderate: 105.4±5.3 vs. 123.9±8.1 ml/min/mmHg) during EP (p<0.05). However, exercise-induced increases in SBP, MAP and TVC at both work intensities were similar between the two menstrual phases, even though norepinephrine concentrations were higher during LP. Results indicate that blood pressure during dynamic exercise fluctuates during the menstrual cycle. It is higher during EP than LP and appears to be due to additive effects of simultaneous increases in baseline blood pressure and reductions in baseline TVC.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, progesterone levels are low at both of these time points [16]. This was an important consideration, because progesterone can antagonize beneficial effects of estrogen on vascular reactivity [17]. …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Ovarian Cycle on Hemodynamic Responses during Dynamic Exercise in Sedentary Women

Choi

Stebbins

Nho

et al. 2013

Korean J Physiol Pharmacol

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“…A number of investigators [38–42] have reported that EDD is higher during the follicular phase than either luteal or menstrual phases. The effect of the menstrual cycle on EID has only been reported in two studies [40,41], both reported that there were no significant differences in EID during the different phases of the menstrual cycle. We also did not control for oral contraceptives.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in vascular function and insulin sensitivity in young adults

et al. 2010

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To examine influence of insulin resistance and other clinical risk factors for the MetS (metabolic syndrome) on vascular structure and function in young adults. This cross-sectional study was conducted in a cohort of young adults (mean age 22 years) and their siblings participating in a longitudinal study of cardiovascular risk (n = 370). Insulin sensitivity was determined by euglycaemic insulin clamp. EDD (endothelium-dependent dilation) was determined by flow-mediated dilation using high-resolution ultrasound imaging of the brachial artery. EID (endothelium-independent dilation) was determined by NTG (nitroglycerine)-mediated dilation. The diameter and cIMT (intima–media thickness) of the carotid artery were also measured. There was no significant difference between males and females for age or body mass index. However, males had significantly higher glucose and triacylglycerol (triglyceride) levels, while the females had significantly higher HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol) and insulin sensitivity (13.00 ± 0.33 compared with 10.71 ± 0.31 mg·kg−1 of lean body mass·min−1, P < 0.0001). Although peak EDD was significantly lower (6.28 ± 0.26 compared with 8.50 ± 0.28 %, P < 0.0001) in males than females, this difference was largely explained by adjustment for brachial artery diameter (P = 0.15). Peak EID also was significantly lower in males than females (20.26 ± 0.44 compared with 28.64 ± 0.47 %, P < 0.0001), a difference that remained significantly lower after adjustment for brachial artery diameter. Males had a significantly greater cIMT compared with females (females 0.420 ± 0.004 compared with males 0.444 ± 0.004 mm, P = 0.01), but when adjusted for carotid diameter, there was no significant difference (P = 0.163). Although there were gender differences in vascular function and structure in the young adult population examined in this study, many of the differences were eliminated simply by adjusting for artery diameter. However, the lower EID observed in males could not be explained by artery diameter. Future studies need to continue to examine influence of gender on EID and other measures of vascular function.

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“…Women with natural menstrual cycles were studied during the early follicular phase (low-hormone phase, days 2–6), and women taking OCs were studied during the placebo phase; this was confirmed by the start of menses 1–5 days prior to study participation. We chose to study women during these phases of the menstrual cycle and OC use due to the varying influences of estrogen and progesterone on MSNA 7, 9, 11, 12 and cardiovascular factors, such as endothelial function, 26–30 across the menstrual cycle and/or during the different phases of OC use. In addition, both endogenous estrogen and progesterone concentrations are relatively low during these stages, in contrast to the luteal phase, during which plasma estrogen concentrations are moderate and plasma progesterone concentrations are high.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, both endogenous estrogen and progesterone concentrations are relatively low during these stages, in contrast to the luteal phase, during which plasma estrogen concentrations are moderate and plasma progesterone concentrations are high. 31–33 This is important as progesterone may antagonize estrogen’s effects on the vasculature 26 or potentially have an independent influence on MSNA. 34, 35 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Contraceptive Use, Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity, and Systemic Hemodynamics in Young Women

et al. 2015

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Endogenous female sex hormones influence muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), a regulator of arterial blood pressure and important factor in hypertension development. While nearly 80% of American women report using hormonal contraceptives sometime during their life, the influence of combined oral contraceptives (OCs) on MSNA and systemic hemodynamics remains equivocal. The goal of this study was to determine if women taking OCs have altered MSNA and hemodynamics (cardiac output and total peripheral resistance) at rest during the placebo phase of OC use compared to women with natural menstrual cycles during the early follicular phase. We retrospectively analyzed data from studies in which healthy, premenopausal women (ages 18–35 years old) participated. We collected MSNA values at rest and hemodynamic measurements in women taking OCs (n=53, 25±4 yr) and women with natural menstrual cycles (n=74, 25±4 yr). Blood pressure was higher in women taking OCs versus those with natural menstrual cycles (mean arterial pressure: 89±1 vs. 85±1 mmHg, respectively; p=0.01), although MSNA was similar in both groups (MSNA burst incidence: 16±1 vs. 18±1 bursts/100 heartbeats, respectively, p=0.19). In a subset of women in which detailed hemodynamic data were available, those taking OCs (n=33) had similar cardiac output (4.9±0.2 vs. 4.7±0.2 L/min, respectively; p=0.47) and total peripheral resistance (19.2±0.8 vs. 20.0±0.9 units, respectively; p=0.51) as women with natural menstrual cycles (n=22). In conclusion, women taking OCs have higher resting blood pressure and similar MSNA and hemodynamics during the placebo phase of OC use compared to naturally menstruating women in the early follicular phase.

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Short communication

Cited by 45 publications

References 17 publications

Effects of Ovarian Cycle on Hemodynamic Responses during Dynamic Exercise in Sedentary Women

Effects of Ovarian Cycle on Hemodynamic Responses during Dynamic Exercise in Sedentary Women

Gender differences in vascular function and insulin sensitivity in young adults

Oral Contraceptive Use, Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity, and Systemic Hemodynamics in Young Women

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